为什么是双指针?

目标是使用函数改变studentA所指向的对象。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


typedef struct Person{
    char * name;
} Person; 

/**
 * we need a ponter to a pointer, example: &studentA
 */
void change(Person ** x, Person * y){
    *x = y; // since x is a pointer to a pointer, we access its value: a pointer to a Person struct.
}

void dontChange(Person * x, Person * y){
    x = y;
}

int main()
{

    Person * studentA = (Person *)malloc(sizeof(Person));
    studentA->name = "brian";

    Person * studentB = (Person *)malloc(sizeof(Person));
    studentB->name = "erich";

    /**
     * we could have done the job as simple as this!
     * but we need more work if we want to use a function to do the job!
     */
    // studentA = studentB;

    printf("1. studentA = %s (not changed)\n", studentA->name);

    dontChange(studentA, studentB);
    printf("2. studentA = %s (not changed)\n", studentA->name);

    change(&studentA, studentB);
    printf("3. studentA = %s (changed!)\n", studentA->name);

    return 0;
}

/**
 * OUTPUT:
 * 1. studentA = brian (not changed)
 * 2. studentA = brian (not changed)
 * 3. studentA = erich (changed!)
 */

比较变量的修改值和指针的修改值:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void changeA(int (*a))
{
  (*a) = 10;
}

void changeP(int *(*P))
{
  (*P) = malloc(sizeof((*P)));
}

int main(void)
{
  int A = 0;

  printf("orig. A = %d\n", A);
  changeA(&A);
  printf("modi. A = %d\n", A);

  /*************************/

  int *P = NULL;

  printf("orig. P = %p\n", P);
  changeP(&P);
  printf("modi. P = %p\n", P);

  free(P);

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

这帮助我避免指针被调用函数修改时返回指针的值(用于单链表)。

古老的(坏的):

int *func(int *P)
{
  ...
  return P;
}

int main(void)
{
  int *pointer;
  pointer = func(pointer);
  ...
}    

新(更好的):

void func(int **pointer)
{
  ...
}

int main(void)
{
  int *pointer;
  func(&pointer);
  ...
}    

一个原因是你想要改变传递给函数的作为函数参数的指针的值，要做到这一点，你需要指针指向指针。

简单地说，当你想在函数调用之外保留(或保留)内存分配或分配的变化时，使用**。(因此，传递带有双指针arg的函数。)

这可能不是一个很好的例子，但会告诉你基本的用法:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void allocate(int **p)
{
    *p = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
}

int main()
{
    int *p = NULL;
    allocate(&p);
    *p = 42;
    printf("%d\n", *p);
    free(p);
}

字符串是使用双指针的一个很好的例子。字符串本身是一个指针，所以任何时候你需要指向一个字符串，你就需要一个双指针。

Pointers to pointers also come in handy as "handles" to memory where you want to pass around a "handle" between functions to re-locatable memory. That basically means that the function can change the memory that is being pointed to by the pointer inside the handle variable, and every function or object that is using the handle will properly point to the newly relocated (or allocated) memory. Libraries like to-do this with "opaque" data-types, that is data-types were you don't have to worry about what they're doing with the memory being pointed do, you simply pass around the "handle" between the functions of the library to perform some operations on that memory ... the library functions can be allocating and de-allocating the memory under-the-hood without you having to explicitly worry about the process of memory management or where the handle is pointing.

例如:

#include <stdlib.h>

typedef unsigned char** handle_type;

//some data_structure that the library functions would work with
typedef struct 
{
    int data_a;
    int data_b;
    int data_c;
} LIB_OBJECT;

handle_type lib_create_handle()
{
    //initialize the handle with some memory that points to and array of 10 LIB_OBJECTs
    handle_type handle = malloc(sizeof(handle_type));
    *handle = malloc(sizeof(LIB_OBJECT) * 10);

    return handle;
}

void lib_func_a(handle_type handle) { /*does something with array of LIB_OBJECTs*/ }

void lib_func_b(handle_type handle)
{
    //does something that takes input LIB_OBJECTs and makes more of them, so has to
    //reallocate memory for the new objects that will be created

    //first re-allocate the memory somewhere else with more slots, but don't destroy the
    //currently allocated slots
    *handle = realloc(*handle, sizeof(LIB_OBJECT) * 20);

    //...do some operation on the new memory and return
}

void lib_func_c(handle_type handle) { /*does something else to array of LIB_OBJECTs*/ }

void lib_free_handle(handle_type handle) 
{
    free(*handle);
    free(handle); 
}


int main()
{
    //create a "handle" to some memory that the library functions can use
    handle_type my_handle = lib_create_handle();

    //do something with that memory
    lib_func_a(my_handle);

    //do something else with the handle that will make it point somewhere else
    //but that's invisible to us from the standpoint of the calling the function and
    //working with the handle
    lib_func_b(my_handle); 

    //do something with new memory chunk, but you don't have to think about the fact
    //that the memory has moved under the hood ... it's still pointed to by the "handle"
    lib_func_c(my_handle);

    //deallocate the handle
    lib_free_handle(my_handle);

    return 0;
}

希望这能有所帮助，

杰森

1. 基本概念-

当你申报如下:-

1. Char *ch -(称为字符指针) - ch为单个字符的地址。 - (*ch)将解引用字符的值。

2. Char **ch - 'ch'包含字符指针数组的地址。(如1) '*ch'包含单个字符的地址。(注意它与1不同，因为声明不同)。 (**ch)将解引用到字符的确切值..

添加更多指针将扩展数据类型的维度，从字符扩展到字符串，再扩展到字符串数组，等等……你可以把它和一维，二维，三维矩阵联系起来。

指针的用法取决于你如何声明它。

这是一个简单的代码..

int main()
{
    char **p;
    p = (char **)malloc(100);
    p[0] = (char *)"Apple";      // or write *p, points to location of 'A'
    p[1] = (char *)"Banana";     // or write *(p+1), points to location of 'B'

    cout << *p << endl;          //Prints the first pointer location until it finds '\0'
    cout << **p << endl;         //Prints the exact character which is being pointed
    *p++;                        //Increments for the next string
    cout << *p;
}

2. 双指针的另一个应用 (这也包括引用传递)

假设您想从函数中更新一个字符。如果你尝试以下方法:-

void func(char ch)
{
    ch = 'B';
}

int main()
{
    char ptr;
    ptr = 'A';
    printf("%c", ptr);

    func(ptr);
    printf("%c\n", ptr);
}

输出为AA。这是行不通的，因为您已经将“按值传递”传递给了函数。

正确的做法是-

void func( char *ptr)        //Passed by Reference
{
    *ptr = 'B';
}

int main()
{
    char *ptr;
    ptr = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * 1);
    *ptr = 'A';
    printf("%c\n", *ptr);

    func(ptr);
    printf("%c\n", *ptr);
}

现在扩展这个要求，更新字符串而不是字符。 为此，需要将函数中的形参作为双指针接收。

void func(char **str)
{
    strcpy(str, "Second");
}

int main()
{
    char **str;
    // printf("%d\n", sizeof(char));
    *str = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char) * 10);          //Can hold 10 character pointers
    int i = 0;
    for(i=0;i<10;i++)
    {
        str = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * 1);         //Each pointer can point to a memory of 1 character.
    }

    strcpy(str, "First");
    printf("%s\n", str);
    func(str);
    printf("%s\n", str);
}

在本例中，method使用双指针作为参数来更新字符串的值。