我想写一个函数,它以一个字母数组作为参数,并从中选择一些字母。
假设您提供了一个包含8个字母的数组,并希望从中选择3个字母。那么你应该得到:
8! / ((8 - 3)! * 3!) = 56
数组(或单词),每个数组由3个字母组成。
我想写一个函数,它以一个字母数组作为参数,并从中选择一些字母。
假设您提供了一个包含8个字母的数组,并希望从中选择3个字母。那么你应该得到:
8! / ((8 - 3)! * 3!) = 56
数组(或单词),每个数组由3个字母组成。
当前回答
如果你可以使用SQL语法——比如,如果你使用LINQ访问一个结构或数组的字段,或者直接访问一个数据库,其中有一个名为“Alphabet”的表,只有一个字符字段“Letter”,你可以适应以下代码:
SELECT A.Letter, B.Letter, C.Letter
FROM Alphabet AS A, Alphabet AS B, Alphabet AS C
WHERE A.Letter<>B.Letter AND A.Letter<>C.Letter AND B.Letter<>C.Letter
AND A.Letter<B.Letter AND B.Letter<C.Letter
这将返回所有3个字母的组合,不管你在表格“字母表”中有多少个字母(它可以是3,8,10,27等)。
如果你想要的是所有的排列,而不是组合(也就是说,你想要“ACB”和“ABC”被视为不同的,而不是只出现一次),只需删除最后一行(and一行),就完成了。
Post-Edit:重新阅读问题后,我意识到需要的是通用算法,而不仅仅是选择3个项目的特定算法。Adam Hughes的答案是完整的,不幸的是我还不能投票。这个答案很简单,但只适用于你想要三样东西的时候。
其他回答
Array.prototype.combs = function(num) {
var str = this,
length = str.length,
of = Math.pow(2, length) - 1,
out, combinations = [];
while(of) {
out = [];
for(var i = 0, y; i < length; i++) {
y = (1 << i);
if(y & of && (y !== of))
out.push(str[i]);
}
if (out.length >= num) {
combinations.push(out);
}
of--;
}
return combinations;
}
JavaScript,基于生成器,递归方法:
function *nCk(n,k){ for(var i=n-1;i>=k-1;--i) if(k===1) yield [i]; else for(var temp of nCk(i,k-1)){ temp.unshift(i); yield temp; } } function test(){ try{ var n=parseInt(ninp.value); var k=parseInt(kinp.value); log.innerText=""; var stop=Date.now()+1000; if(k>=1) for(var res of nCk(n,k)) if(Date.now()<stop) log.innerText+=JSON.stringify(res)+" "; else{ log.innerText+="1 second passed, stopping here."; break; } }catch(ex){} } n:<input id="ninp" oninput="test()"> >= k:<input id="kinp" oninput="test()"> >= 1 <div id="log"></div>
通过这种方式(减少i和unshift()),它以递减的顺序生成组合和组合内的元素,有点赏心悦目。 测试在1秒后停止,因此输入奇怪的数字是相对安全的。
这是一个c++解决方案,我提出使用递归和位移位。它也可以在C语言中工作。
void r_nCr(unsigned int startNum, unsigned int bitVal, unsigned int testNum) // Should be called with arguments (2^r)-1, 2^(r-1), 2^(n-1)
{
unsigned int n = (startNum - bitVal) << 1;
n += bitVal ? 1 : 0;
for (unsigned int i = log2(testNum) + 1; i > 0; i--) // Prints combination as a series of 1s and 0s
cout << (n >> (i - 1) & 1);
cout << endl;
if (!(n & testNum) && n != startNum)
r_nCr(n, bitVal, testNum);
if (bitVal && bitVal < testNum)
r_nCr(startNum, bitVal >> 1, testNum);
}
你可以在这里找到这是如何工作的解释。
我知道这个问题已经有很多答案了,但我想在JavaScript中添加我自己的贡献,它由两个函数组成——一个生成原始n元素集的所有可能不同的k子集,另一个使用第一个函数生成原始n元素集的幂集。
下面是这两个函数的代码:
//Generate combination subsets from a base set of elements (passed as an array). This function should generate an
//array containing nCr elements, where nCr = n!/[r! (n-r)!].
//Arguments:
//[1] baseSet : The base set to create the subsets from (e.g., ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"])
//[2] cnt : The number of elements each subset is to contain (e.g., 3)
function MakeCombinationSubsets(baseSet, cnt)
{
var bLen = baseSet.length;
var indices = [];
var subSet = [];
var done = false;
var result = []; //Contains all the combination subsets generated
var done = false;
var i = 0;
var idx = 0;
var tmpIdx = 0;
var incr = 0;
var test = 0;
var newIndex = 0;
var inBounds = false;
var tmpIndices = [];
var checkBounds = false;
//First, generate an array whose elements are indices into the base set ...
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
indices.push(i);
//Now create a clone of this array, to be used in the loop itself ...
tmpIndices = [];
tmpIndices = tmpIndices.concat(indices);
//Now initialise the loop ...
idx = cnt - 1; //point to the last element of the indices array
incr = 0;
done = false;
while (!done)
{
//Create the current subset ...
subSet = []; //Make sure we begin with a completely empty subset before continuing ...
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
subSet.push(baseSet[tmpIndices[i]]); //Create the current subset, using items selected from the
//base set, using the indices array (which will change as we
//continue scanning) ...
//Add the subset thus created to the result set ...
result.push(subSet);
//Now update the indices used to select the elements of the subset. At the start, idx will point to the
//rightmost index in the indices array, but the moment that index moves out of bounds with respect to the
//base set, attention will be shifted to the next left index.
test = tmpIndices[idx] + 1;
if (test >= bLen)
{
//Here, we're about to move out of bounds with respect to the base set. We therefore need to scan back,
//and update indices to the left of the current one. Find the leftmost index in the indices array that
//isn't going to move out of bounds with respect to the base set ...
tmpIdx = idx - 1;
incr = 1;
inBounds = false; //Assume at start that the index we're checking in the loop below is out of bounds
checkBounds = true;
while (checkBounds)
{
if (tmpIdx < 0)
{
checkBounds = false; //Exit immediately at this point
}
else
{
newIndex = tmpIndices[tmpIdx] + 1;
test = newIndex + incr;
if (test >= bLen)
{
//Here, incrementing the current selected index will take that index out of bounds, so
//we move on to the next index to the left ...
tmpIdx--;
incr++;
}
else
{
//Here, the index will remain in bounds if we increment it, so we
//exit the loop and signal that we're in bounds ...
inBounds = true;
checkBounds = false;
//End if/else
}
//End if
}
//End while
}
//At this point, if we'er still in bounds, then we continue generating subsets, but if not, we abort immediately.
if (!inBounds)
done = true;
else
{
//Here, we're still in bounds. We need to update the indices accordingly. NOTE: at this point, although a
//left positioned index in the indices array may still be in bounds, incrementing it to generate indices to
//the right may take those indices out of bounds. We therefore need to check this as we perform the index
//updating of the indices array.
tmpIndices[tmpIdx] = newIndex;
inBounds = true;
checking = true;
i = tmpIdx + 1;
while (checking)
{
test = tmpIndices[i - 1] + 1; //Find out if incrementing the left adjacent index takes it out of bounds
if (test >= bLen)
{
inBounds = false; //If we move out of bounds, exit NOW ...
checking = false;
}
else
{
tmpIndices[i] = test; //Otherwise, update the indices array ...
i++; //Now move on to the next index to the right in the indices array ...
checking = (i < cnt); //And continue until we've exhausted all the indices array elements ...
//End if/else
}
//End while
}
//At this point, if the above updating of the indices array has moved any of its elements out of bounds,
//we abort subset construction from this point ...
if (!inBounds)
done = true;
//End if/else
}
}
else
{
//Here, the rightmost index under consideration isn't moving out of bounds with respect to the base set when
//we increment it, so we simply increment and continue the loop ...
tmpIndices[idx] = test;
//End if
}
//End while
}
return(result);
//End function
}
function MakePowerSet(baseSet)
{
var bLen = baseSet.length;
var result = [];
var i = 0;
var partialSet = [];
result.push([]); //add the empty set to the power set
for (i=1; i<bLen; i++)
{
partialSet = MakeCombinationSubsets(baseSet, i);
result = result.concat(partialSet);
//End i loop
}
//Now, finally, add the base set itself to the power set to make it complete ...
partialSet = [];
partialSet.push(baseSet);
result = result.concat(partialSet);
return(result);
//End function
}
我用集合["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]作为基本集进行了测试,并运行代码以产生以下幂集:
[]
["a"]
["b"]
["c"]
["d"]
["e"]
["f"]
["a","b"]
["a","c"]
["a","d"]
["a","e"]
["a","f"]
["b","c"]
["b","d"]
["b","e"]
["b","f"]
["c","d"]
["c","e"]
["c","f"]
["d","e"]
["d","f"]
["e","f"]
["a","b","c"]
["a","b","d"]
["a","b","e"]
["a","b","f"]
["a","c","d"]
["a","c","e"]
["a","c","f"]
["a","d","e"]
["a","d","f"]
["a","e","f"]
["b","c","d"]
["b","c","e"]
["b","c","f"]
["b","d","e"]
["b","d","f"]
["b","e","f"]
["c","d","e"]
["c","d","f"]
["c","e","f"]
["d","e","f"]
["a","b","c","d"]
["a","b","c","e"]
["a","b","c","f"]
["a","b","d","e"]
["a","b","d","f"]
["a","b","e","f"]
["a","c","d","e"]
["a","c","d","f"]
["a","c","e","f"]
["a","d","e","f"]
["b","c","d","e"]
["b","c","d","f"]
["b","c","e","f"]
["b","d","e","f"]
["c","d","e","f"]
["a","b","c","d","e"]
["a","b","c","d","f"]
["a","b","c","e","f"]
["a","b","d","e","f"]
["a","c","d","e","f"]
["b","c","d","e","f"]
["a","b","c","d","e","f"]
只要复制粘贴这两个函数“原样”,你就有了提取n元素集的不同k子集所需的基本知识,并生成该n元素集的幂集(如果你愿意的话)。
我并不是说这很优雅,只是说它在经过大量的测试(并在调试阶段将空气变为蓝色:)之后可以工作。
说了这么多,做了这么多,这就是奥卡姆的代码。 算法是显而易见的代码..
let combi n lst =
let rec comb l c =
if( List.length c = n) then [c] else
match l with
[] -> []
| (h::t) -> (combi t (h::c))@(combi t c)
in
combi lst []
;;