这是我用c++写的命题

我尽可能少地限制迭代器类型，所以这个解决方案假设只有前向迭代器，它可以是const_iterator。这应该适用于任何标准容器。在参数没有意义的情况下，它抛出std:: invalid_argument

#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>

template <typename Fci> // Fci - forward const iterator
std::vector<std::vector<Fci> >
enumerate_combinations(Fci begin, Fci end, unsigned int combination_size)
{
    if(begin == end && combination_size > 0u)
        throw std::invalid_argument("empty set and positive combination size!");
    std::vector<std::vector<Fci> > result; // empty set of combinations
    if(combination_size == 0u) return result; // there is exactly one combination of
                                              // size 0 - emty set
    std::vector<Fci> current_combination;
    current_combination.reserve(combination_size + 1u); // I reserve one aditional slot
                                                        // in my vector to store
                                                        // the end sentinel there.
                                                        // The code is cleaner thanks to that
    for(unsigned int i = 0u; i < combination_size && begin != end; ++i, ++begin)
    {
        current_combination.push_back(begin); // Construction of the first combination
    }
    // Since I assume the itarators support only incrementing, I have to iterate over
    // the set to get its size, which is expensive. Here I had to itrate anyway to  
    // produce the first cobination, so I use the loop to also check the size.
    if(current_combination.size() < combination_size)
        throw std::invalid_argument("combination size > set size!");
    result.push_back(current_combination); // Store the first combination in the results set
    current_combination.push_back(end); // Here I add mentioned earlier sentinel to
                                        // simplyfy rest of the code. If I did it 
                                        // earlier, previous statement would get ugly.
    while(true)
    {
        unsigned int i = combination_size;
        Fci tmp;                            // Thanks to the sentinel I can find first
        do                                  // iterator to change, simply by scaning
        {                                   // from right to left and looking for the
            tmp = current_combination[--i]; // first "bubble". The fact, that it's 
            ++tmp;                          // a forward iterator makes it ugly but I
        }                                   // can't help it.
        while(i > 0u && tmp == current_combination[i + 1u]);

        // Here is probably my most obfuscated expression.
        // Loop above looks for a "bubble". If there is no "bubble", that means, that
        // current_combination is the last combination, Expression in the if statement
        // below evaluates to true and the function exits returning result.
        // If the "bubble" is found however, the ststement below has a sideeffect of 
        // incrementing the first iterator to the left of the "bubble".
        if(++current_combination[i] == current_combination[i + 1u])
            return result;
        // Rest of the code sets posiotons of the rest of the iterstors
        // (if there are any), that are to the right of the incremented one,
        // to form next combination

        while(++i < combination_size)
        {
            current_combination[i] = current_combination[i - 1u];
            ++current_combination[i];
        }
        // Below is the ugly side of using the sentinel. Well it had to haave some 
        // disadvantage. Try without it.
        result.push_back(std::vector<Fci>(current_combination.begin(),
                                          current_combination.end() - 1));
    }
}

下面是c++中的迭代算法，它不使用STL，也不使用递归，也不使用条件嵌套循环。这样更快，它不执行任何元素交换，也不会给堆栈带来递归负担，还可以通过分别用mallloc()、free()和printf()替换new、delete和std::cout轻松地移植到ANSI C。

如果你想用不同或更长的字母显示元素，那么改变*字母参数以指向不同于"abcdefg"的字符串。

void OutputArrayChar(unsigned int* ka, size_t n, const char *alphabet) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        std::cout << alphabet[ka[i]] << ",";
    std::cout << endl;
}
    

void GenCombinations(const unsigned int N, const unsigned int K, const char *alphabet) {
    unsigned int *ka = new unsigned int [K];  //dynamically allocate an array of UINTs
    unsigned int ki = K-1;                    //Point ki to the last elemet of the array
    ka[ki] = N-1;                             //Prime the last elemet of the array.
    
    while (true) {
        unsigned int tmp = ka[ki];  //Optimization to prevent reading ka[ki] repeatedly

        while (ki)                  //Fill to the left with consecutive descending values (blue squares)
            ka[--ki] = --tmp;
        OutputArrayChar(ka, K, alphabet);
    
        while (--ka[ki] == ki) {    //Decrement and check if the resulting value equals the index (bright green squares)
            OutputArrayChar(ka, K, alphabet);
            if (++ki == K) {      //Exit condition (all of the values in the array are flush to the left)
                delete[] ka;
                return;
            }                   
        }
    }
}
    

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    GenCombinations(7, 4, "abcdefg");
    return 0;
}

重要提示:字母参数*必须指向至少N个字符的字符串。你也可以传递一个在其他地方定义的字符串地址。

组合:从“7选4”中选择。

Python中的简短示例:

def comb(sofar, rest, n):
    if n == 0:
        print sofar
    else:
        for i in range(len(rest)):
            comb(sofar + rest[i], rest[i+1:], n-1)

>>> comb("", "abcde", 3)
abc
abd
abe
acd
ace
ade
bcd
bce
bde
cde

为了解释，递归方法用下面的例子描述:

示例:A B C D E 3的所有组合是:

A与其余2的所有组合(B C D E) B与其余2的所有组合(C D E) C与其余2的所有组合(D E)

作为迭代器对象实现的MetaTrader MQL4非常快速的组合。

代码很容易理解。

我对很多算法进行了基准测试，这个算法真的非常快——大约比大多数next_combination()函数快3倍。

class CombinationsIterator { private: int input_array[]; // 1 2 3 4 5 int index_array[]; // i j k int m_elements; // N int m_indices; // K public: CombinationsIterator(int &src_data[], int k) { m_indices = k; m_elements = ArraySize(src_data); ArrayCopy(input_array, src_data); ArrayResize(index_array, m_indices); // create initial combination (0..k-1) for (int i = 0; i < m_indices; i++) { index_array[i] = i; } } // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5076695 // bool next_combination(int &item[], int k, int N) bool advance() { int N = m_elements; for (int i = m_indices - 1; i >= 0; --i) { if (index_array[i] < --N) { ++index_array[i]; for (int j = i + 1; j < m_indices; ++j) { index_array[j] = index_array[j - 1] + 1; } return true; } } return false; } void getItems(int &items[]) { // fill items[] from input array for (int i = 0; i < m_indices; i++) { items[i] = input_array[index_array[i]]; } } };

测试上述迭代器类的驱动程序:

//+------------------------------------------------------------------+ //| | //+------------------------------------------------------------------+ // driver program to test above class #define N 5 #define K 3 void OnStart() { int myset[N] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int items[K]; CombinationsIterator comboIt(myset, K); do { comboIt.getItems(items); printf("%s", ArrayToString(items)); } while (comboIt.advance()); }

输出: 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 3 4 1 3 5 1 4 5 2 3 4 2 3 5 2 4 5 3 4 5

Clojure版本:

(defn comb [k l]
  (if (= 1 k) (map vector l)
      (apply concat
             (map-indexed
              #(map (fn [x] (conj x %2))
                    (comb (dec k) (drop (inc %1) l)))
              l))))

简短快速的c#实现

public static IEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>> Combinations<T>(IEnumerable<T> elements, int k)
{
    return Combinations(elements.Count(), k).Select(p => p.Select(q => elements.ElementAt(q)));                
}      

public static List<int[]> Combinations(int setLenght, int subSetLenght) //5, 3
{
    var result = new List<int[]>();

    var lastIndex = subSetLenght - 1;
    var dif = setLenght - subSetLenght;
    var prevSubSet = new int[subSetLenght];
    var lastSubSet = new int[subSetLenght];
    for (int i = 0; i < subSetLenght; i++)
    {
        prevSubSet[i] = i;
        lastSubSet[i] = i + dif;
    }

    while(true)
    {
        //add subSet ad result set
        var n = new int[subSetLenght];
        for (int i = 0; i < subSetLenght; i++)
            n[i] = prevSubSet[i];

        result.Add(n);

        if (prevSubSet[0] >= lastSubSet[0])
            break;

        //start at index 1 because index 0 is checked and breaking in the current loop
        int j = 1;
        for (; j < subSetLenght; j++)
        {
            if (prevSubSet[j] >= lastSubSet[j])
            {
                prevSubSet[j - 1]++;

                for (int p = j; p < subSetLenght; p++)
                    prevSubSet[p] = prevSubSet[p - 1] + 1;

                break;
            }
        }

        if (j > lastIndex)
            prevSubSet[lastIndex]++;
    }

    return result;
}