我想写一个函数，它以一个字母数组作为参数，并从中选择一些字母。
假设您提供了一个包含8个字母的数组，并希望从中选择3个字母。那么你应该得到:
8! / ((8 - 3)! * 3!) = 56
数组(或单词)，每个数组由3个字母组成。
当前回答
这是我用c++写的命题
我尽可能少地限制迭代器类型，所以这个解决方案假设只有前向迭代器，它可以是const_iterator。这应该适用于任何标准容器。在参数没有意义的情况下，它抛出std:: invalid_argument
#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>
template <typename Fci> // Fci - forward const iterator
std::vector<std::vector<Fci> >
enumerate_combinations(Fci begin, Fci end, unsigned int combination_size)
{
if(begin == end && combination_size > 0u)
throw std::invalid_argument("empty set and positive combination size!");
std::vector<std::vector<Fci> > result; // empty set of combinations
if(combination_size == 0u) return result; // there is exactly one combination of
// size 0 - emty set
std::vector<Fci> current_combination;
current_combination.reserve(combination_size + 1u); // I reserve one aditional slot
// in my vector to store
// the end sentinel there.
// The code is cleaner thanks to that
for(unsigned int i = 0u; i < combination_size && begin != end; ++i, ++begin)
{
current_combination.push_back(begin); // Construction of the first combination
}
// Since I assume the itarators support only incrementing, I have to iterate over
// the set to get its size, which is expensive. Here I had to itrate anyway to
// produce the first cobination, so I use the loop to also check the size.
if(current_combination.size() < combination_size)
throw std::invalid_argument("combination size > set size!");
result.push_back(current_combination); // Store the first combination in the results set
current_combination.push_back(end); // Here I add mentioned earlier sentinel to
// simplyfy rest of the code. If I did it
// earlier, previous statement would get ugly.
while(true)
{
unsigned int i = combination_size;
Fci tmp; // Thanks to the sentinel I can find first
do // iterator to change, simply by scaning
{ // from right to left and looking for the
tmp = current_combination[--i]; // first "bubble". The fact, that it's
++tmp; // a forward iterator makes it ugly but I
} // can't help it.
while(i > 0u && tmp == current_combination[i + 1u]);
// Here is probably my most obfuscated expression.
// Loop above looks for a "bubble". If there is no "bubble", that means, that
// current_combination is the last combination, Expression in the if statement
// below evaluates to true and the function exits returning result.
// If the "bubble" is found however, the ststement below has a sideeffect of
// incrementing the first iterator to the left of the "bubble".
if(++current_combination[i] == current_combination[i + 1u])
return result;
// Rest of the code sets posiotons of the rest of the iterstors
// (if there are any), that are to the right of the incremented one,
// to form next combination
while(++i < combination_size)
{
current_combination[i] = current_combination[i - 1u];
++current_combination[i];
}
// Below is the ugly side of using the sentinel. Well it had to haave some
// disadvantage. Try without it.
result.push_back(std::vector<Fci>(current_combination.begin(),
current_combination.end() - 1));
}
}
其他回答
我在c++中为组合创建了一个通用类。 它是这样使用的。
char ar[] = "0ABCDEFGH";
nCr ncr(8, 3);
while(ncr.next()) {
for(int i=0; i<ncr.size(); i++) cout << ar[ncr[i]];
cout << ' ';
}
我的库ncr[i]从1返回，而不是从0返回。 这就是为什么数组中有0。 如果你想考虑订单，只需将nCr class改为nPr即可。 用法是相同的。
结果
美国广播公司 ABD 安倍 沛富 ABG ABH 澳洲牧牛犬 王牌 ACF ACG 呵呀 正面 ADF ADG 抗利尿激素 时 AEG AEH 二自由度陀螺仪 AFH 啊 BCD 公元前 供应量 波士顿咨询公司 BCH 12 快速公车提供 BDG BDH 性能试验 求 本· 高炉煤气 BFH 使用BGH CDE 提供 CDG 鼎晖 欧共体语言教学大纲的 CEG 另一 CFG CFH 全息 DEF 度 电气设施 脱硫 干扰 DGH EFG EFH EGH FGH
下面是头文件。
#pragma once
#include <exception>
class NRexception : public std::exception
{
public:
virtual const char* what() const throw() {
return "Combination : N, R should be positive integer!!";
}
};
class Combination
{
public:
Combination(int n, int r);
virtual ~Combination() { delete [] ar;}
int& operator[](unsigned i) {return ar[i];}
bool next();
int size() {return r;}
static int factorial(int n);
protected:
int* ar;
int n, r;
};
class nCr : public Combination
{
public:
nCr(int n, int r);
bool next();
int count() const;
};
class nTr : public Combination
{
public:
nTr(int n, int r);
bool next();
int count() const;
};
class nHr : public nTr
{
public:
nHr(int n, int r) : nTr(n,r) {}
bool next();
int count() const;
};
class nPr : public Combination
{
public:
nPr(int n, int r);
virtual ~nPr() {delete [] on;}
bool next();
void rewind();
int count() const;
private:
bool* on;
void inc_ar(int i);
};
以及执行。
#include "combi.h"
#include <set>
#include<cmath>
Combination::Combination(int n, int r)
{
//if(n < 1 || r < 1) throw NRexception();
ar = new int[r];
this->n = n;
this->r = r;
}
int Combination::factorial(int n)
{
return n == 1 ? n : n * factorial(n-1);
}
int nPr::count() const
{
return factorial(n)/factorial(n-r);
}
int nCr::count() const
{
return factorial(n)/factorial(n-r)/factorial(r);
}
int nTr::count() const
{
return pow(n, r);
}
int nHr::count() const
{
return factorial(n+r-1)/factorial(n-1)/factorial(r);
}
nCr::nCr(int n, int r) : Combination(n, r)
{
if(r == 0) return;
for(int i=0; i<r-1; i++) ar[i] = i + 1;
ar[r-1] = r-1;
}
nTr::nTr(int n, int r) : Combination(n, r)
{
for(int i=0; i<r-1; i++) ar[i] = 1;
ar[r-1] = 0;
}
bool nCr::next()
{
if(r == 0) return false;
ar[r-1]++;
int i = r-1;
while(ar[i] == n-r+2+i) {
if(--i == -1) return false;
ar[i]++;
}
while(i < r-1) ar[i+1] = ar[i++] + 1;
return true;
}
bool nTr::next()
{
ar[r-1]++;
int i = r-1;
while(ar[i] == n+1) {
ar[i] = 1;
if(--i == -1) return false;
ar[i]++;
}
return true;
}
bool nHr::next()
{
ar[r-1]++;
int i = r-1;
while(ar[i] == n+1) {
if(--i == -1) return false;
ar[i]++;
}
while(i < r-1) ar[i+1] = ar[i++];
return true;
}
nPr::nPr(int n, int r) : Combination(n, r)
{
on = new bool[n+2];
for(int i=0; i<n+2; i++) on[i] = false;
for(int i=0; i<r; i++) {
ar[i] = i + 1;
on[i] = true;
}
ar[r-1] = 0;
}
void nPr::rewind()
{
for(int i=0; i<r; i++) {
ar[i] = i + 1;
on[i] = true;
}
ar[r-1] = 0;
}
bool nPr::next()
{
inc_ar(r-1);
int i = r-1;
while(ar[i] == n+1) {
if(--i == -1) return false;
inc_ar(i);
}
while(i < r-1) {
ar[++i] = 0;
inc_ar(i);
}
return true;
}
void nPr::inc_ar(int i)
{
on[ar[i]] = false;
while(on[++ar[i]]);
if(ar[i] != n+1) on[ar[i]] = true;
}
如果你可以使用SQL语法——比如，如果你使用LINQ访问一个结构或数组的字段，或者直接访问一个数据库，其中有一个名为“Alphabet”的表，只有一个字符字段“Letter”，你可以适应以下代码:
SELECT A.Letter, B.Letter, C.Letter
FROM Alphabet AS A, Alphabet AS B, Alphabet AS C
WHERE A.Letter<>B.Letter AND A.Letter<>C.Letter AND B.Letter<>C.Letter
AND A.Letter<B.Letter AND B.Letter<C.Letter
这将返回所有3个字母的组合，不管你在表格“字母表”中有多少个字母(它可以是3,8,10,27等)。
如果你想要的是所有的排列，而不是组合(也就是说，你想要“ACB”和“ABC”被视为不同的，而不是只出现一次)，只需删除最后一行(and一行)，就完成了。
Post-Edit:重新阅读问题后，我意识到需要的是通用算法，而不仅仅是选择3个项目的特定算法。Adam Hughes的答案是完整的，不幸的是我还不能投票。这个答案很简单，但只适用于你想要三样东西的时候。
这是我用c++写的命题
我尽可能少地限制迭代器类型，所以这个解决方案假设只有前向迭代器，它可以是const_iterator。这应该适用于任何标准容器。在参数没有意义的情况下，它抛出std:: invalid_argument
#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>
template <typename Fci> // Fci - forward const iterator
std::vector<std::vector<Fci> >
enumerate_combinations(Fci begin, Fci end, unsigned int combination_size)
{
if(begin == end && combination_size > 0u)
throw std::invalid_argument("empty set and positive combination size!");
std::vector<std::vector<Fci> > result; // empty set of combinations
if(combination_size == 0u) return result; // there is exactly one combination of
// size 0 - emty set
std::vector<Fci> current_combination;
current_combination.reserve(combination_size + 1u); // I reserve one aditional slot
// in my vector to store
// the end sentinel there.
// The code is cleaner thanks to that
for(unsigned int i = 0u; i < combination_size && begin != end; ++i, ++begin)
{
current_combination.push_back(begin); // Construction of the first combination
}
// Since I assume the itarators support only incrementing, I have to iterate over
// the set to get its size, which is expensive. Here I had to itrate anyway to
// produce the first cobination, so I use the loop to also check the size.
if(current_combination.size() < combination_size)
throw std::invalid_argument("combination size > set size!");
result.push_back(current_combination); // Store the first combination in the results set
current_combination.push_back(end); // Here I add mentioned earlier sentinel to
// simplyfy rest of the code. If I did it
// earlier, previous statement would get ugly.
while(true)
{
unsigned int i = combination_size;
Fci tmp; // Thanks to the sentinel I can find first
do // iterator to change, simply by scaning
{ // from right to left and looking for the
tmp = current_combination[--i]; // first "bubble". The fact, that it's
++tmp; // a forward iterator makes it ugly but I
} // can't help it.
while(i > 0u && tmp == current_combination[i + 1u]);
// Here is probably my most obfuscated expression.
// Loop above looks for a "bubble". If there is no "bubble", that means, that
// current_combination is the last combination, Expression in the if statement
// below evaluates to true and the function exits returning result.
// If the "bubble" is found however, the ststement below has a sideeffect of
// incrementing the first iterator to the left of the "bubble".
if(++current_combination[i] == current_combination[i + 1u])
return result;
// Rest of the code sets posiotons of the rest of the iterstors
// (if there are any), that are to the right of the incremented one,
// to form next combination
while(++i < combination_size)
{
current_combination[i] = current_combination[i - 1u];
++current_combination[i];
}
// Below is the ugly side of using the sentinel. Well it had to haave some
// disadvantage. Try without it.
result.push_back(std::vector<Fci>(current_combination.begin(),
current_combination.end() - 1));
}
}
下面是一个方法，它从一个随机长度的字符串中给出指定大小的所有组合。类似于昆玛斯的解，但适用于不同的输入和k。
代码可以更改为换行，即'dab'从输入'abcd' w k=3。
public void run(String data, int howMany){
choose(data, howMany, new StringBuffer(), 0);
}
//n choose k
private void choose(String data, int k, StringBuffer result, int startIndex){
if (result.length()==k){
System.out.println(result.toString());
return;
}
for (int i=startIndex; i<data.length(); i++){
result.append(data.charAt(i));
choose(data,k,result, i+1);
result.setLength(result.length()-1);
}
}
"abcde"的输出:
ABC abd ace ade BCD bce bde cde
这里你有一个用c#编写的该算法的惰性评估版本:
static bool nextCombination(int[] num, int n, int k)
{
bool finished, changed;
changed = finished = false;
if (k > 0)
{
for (int i = k - 1; !finished && !changed; i--)
{
if (num[i] < (n - 1) - (k - 1) + i)
{
num[i]++;
if (i < k - 1)
{
for (int j = i + 1; j < k; j++)
{
num[j] = num[j - 1] + 1;
}
}
changed = true;
}
finished = (i == 0);
}
}
return changed;
}
static IEnumerable Combinations<T>(IEnumerable<T> elements, int k)
{
T[] elem = elements.ToArray();
int size = elem.Length;
if (k <= size)
{
int[] numbers = new int[k];
for (int i = 0; i < k; i++)
{
numbers[i] = i;
}
do
{
yield return numbers.Select(n => elem[n]);
}
while (nextCombination(numbers, size, k));
}
}
及测试部分:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int k = 3;
var t = new[] { "dog", "cat", "mouse", "zebra"};
foreach (IEnumerable<string> i in Combinations(t, k))
{
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", i));
}
}
希望这对你有帮助!
另一种版本，迫使所有前k个组合首先出现，然后是所有前k+1个组合，然后是所有前k+2个组合，等等。这意味着如果你对数组进行排序，最重要的在最上面，它会把它们逐渐扩展到下一个——只有在必须这样做的时候。
private static bool NextCombinationFirstsAlwaysFirst(int[] num, int n, int k)
{
if (k > 1 && NextCombinationFirstsAlwaysFirst(num, num[k - 1], k - 1))
return true;
if (num[k - 1] + 1 == n)
return false;
++num[k - 1];
for (int i = 0; i < k - 1; ++i)
num[i] = i;
return true;
}
例如，如果你在k=3, n=5上运行第一个方法("nextCombination")，你会得到:
0 1 2
0 1 3
0 1 4
0 2 3
0 2 4
0 3 4
1 2 3
1 2 4
1 3 4
2 3 4
但如果你跑
int[] nums = new int[k];
for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i)
nums[i] = i;
do
{
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", nums));
}
while (NextCombinationFirstsAlwaysFirst(nums, n, k));
你会得到这个(为了清晰起见，我添加了空行):
0 1 2
0 1 3
0 2 3
1 2 3
0 1 4
0 2 4
1 2 4
0 3 4
1 3 4
2 3 4
它只在必须添加时才添加“4”，而且在添加“4”之后，它只在必须添加时再添加“3”(在执行01、02、12之后)。
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