我想写一个函数,它以一个字母数组作为参数,并从中选择一些字母。
假设您提供了一个包含8个字母的数组,并希望从中选择3个字母。那么你应该得到:
8! / ((8 - 3)! * 3!) = 56
数组(或单词),每个数组由3个字母组成。
我想写一个函数,它以一个字母数组作为参数,并从中选择一些字母。
假设您提供了一个包含8个字母的数组,并希望从中选择3个字母。那么你应该得到:
8! / ((8 - 3)! * 3!) = 56
数组(或单词),每个数组由3个字母组成。
当前回答
在c++中,以下例程将生成range [first,last)之间的长度距离(first,k)的所有组合:
#include <algorithm>
template <typename Iterator>
bool next_combination(const Iterator first, Iterator k, const Iterator last)
{
/* Credits: Mark Nelson http://marknelson.us */
if ((first == last) || (first == k) || (last == k))
return false;
Iterator i1 = first;
Iterator i2 = last;
++i1;
if (last == i1)
return false;
i1 = last;
--i1;
i1 = k;
--i2;
while (first != i1)
{
if (*--i1 < *i2)
{
Iterator j = k;
while (!(*i1 < *j)) ++j;
std::iter_swap(i1,j);
++i1;
++j;
i2 = k;
std::rotate(i1,j,last);
while (last != j)
{
++j;
++i2;
}
std::rotate(k,i2,last);
return true;
}
}
std::rotate(first,k,last);
return false;
}
它可以这样使用:
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::string s = "12345";
std::size_t comb_size = 3;
do
{
std::cout << std::string(s.begin(), s.begin() + comb_size) << std::endl;
} while (next_combination(s.begin(), s.begin() + comb_size, s.end()));
return 0;
}
这将打印以下内容:
123
124
125
134
135
145
234
235
245
345
其他回答
Python中的简短示例:
def comb(sofar, rest, n):
if n == 0:
print sofar
else:
for i in range(len(rest)):
comb(sofar + rest[i], rest[i+1:], n-1)
>>> comb("", "abcde", 3)
abc
abd
abe
acd
ace
ade
bcd
bce
bde
cde
为了解释,递归方法用下面的例子描述:
示例:A B C D E 3的所有组合是:
A与其余2的所有组合(B C D E) B与其余2的所有组合(C D E) C与其余2的所有组合(D E)
下面是我最近用Java写的一段代码,它计算并返回从“outOf”元素中“num”元素的所有组合。
// author: Sourabh Bhat (heySourabh@gmail.com)
public class Testing
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Test case num = 5, outOf = 8.
int num = 5;
int outOf = 8;
int[][] combinations = getCombinations(num, outOf);
for (int i = 0; i < combinations.length; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < combinations[i].length; j++)
{
System.out.print(combinations[i][j] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
private static int[][] getCombinations(int num, int outOf)
{
int possibilities = get_nCr(outOf, num);
int[][] combinations = new int[possibilities][num];
int arrayPointer = 0;
int[] counter = new int[num];
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
counter[i] = i;
}
breakLoop: while (true)
{
// Initializing part
for (int i = 1; i < num; i++)
{
if (counter[i] >= outOf - (num - 1 - i))
counter[i] = counter[i - 1] + 1;
}
// Testing part
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
if (counter[i] < outOf)
{
continue;
} else
{
break breakLoop;
}
}
// Innermost part
combinations[arrayPointer] = counter.clone();
arrayPointer++;
// Incrementing part
counter[num - 1]++;
for (int i = num - 1; i >= 1; i--)
{
if (counter[i] >= outOf - (num - 1 - i))
counter[i - 1]++;
}
}
return combinations;
}
private static int get_nCr(int n, int r)
{
if(r > n)
{
throw new ArithmeticException("r is greater then n");
}
long numerator = 1;
long denominator = 1;
for (int i = n; i >= r + 1; i--)
{
numerator *= i;
}
for (int i = 2; i <= n - r; i++)
{
denominator *= i;
}
return (int) (numerator / denominator);
}
}
下面是Clojure版本,它使用了我在OCaml实现答案中描述的相同算法:
(defn select
([items]
(select items 0 (inc (count items))))
([items n1 n2]
(reduce concat
(map #(select % items)
(range n1 (inc n2)))))
([n items]
(let [
lmul (fn [a list-of-lists-of-bs]
(map #(cons a %) list-of-lists-of-bs))
]
(if (= n (count items))
(list items)
(if (empty? items)
items
(concat
(select n (rest items))
(lmul (first items) (select (dec n) (rest items)))))))))
它提供了三种调用方法:
(a)按问题要求,选出n项:
user=> (count (select 3 "abcdefgh"))
56
(b) n1至n2个选定项目:
user=> (select '(1 2 3 4) 2 3)
((3 4) (2 4) (2 3) (1 4) (1 3) (1 2) (2 3 4) (1 3 4) (1 2 4) (1 2 3))
(c)在0至所选项目的集合大小之间:
user=> (select '(1 2 3))
(() (3) (2) (1) (2 3) (1 3) (1 2) (1 2 3))
我知道这个问题已经有很多答案了,但我想在JavaScript中添加我自己的贡献,它由两个函数组成——一个生成原始n元素集的所有可能不同的k子集,另一个使用第一个函数生成原始n元素集的幂集。
下面是这两个函数的代码:
//Generate combination subsets from a base set of elements (passed as an array). This function should generate an
//array containing nCr elements, where nCr = n!/[r! (n-r)!].
//Arguments:
//[1] baseSet : The base set to create the subsets from (e.g., ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"])
//[2] cnt : The number of elements each subset is to contain (e.g., 3)
function MakeCombinationSubsets(baseSet, cnt)
{
var bLen = baseSet.length;
var indices = [];
var subSet = [];
var done = false;
var result = []; //Contains all the combination subsets generated
var done = false;
var i = 0;
var idx = 0;
var tmpIdx = 0;
var incr = 0;
var test = 0;
var newIndex = 0;
var inBounds = false;
var tmpIndices = [];
var checkBounds = false;
//First, generate an array whose elements are indices into the base set ...
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
indices.push(i);
//Now create a clone of this array, to be used in the loop itself ...
tmpIndices = [];
tmpIndices = tmpIndices.concat(indices);
//Now initialise the loop ...
idx = cnt - 1; //point to the last element of the indices array
incr = 0;
done = false;
while (!done)
{
//Create the current subset ...
subSet = []; //Make sure we begin with a completely empty subset before continuing ...
for (i=0; i<cnt; i++)
subSet.push(baseSet[tmpIndices[i]]); //Create the current subset, using items selected from the
//base set, using the indices array (which will change as we
//continue scanning) ...
//Add the subset thus created to the result set ...
result.push(subSet);
//Now update the indices used to select the elements of the subset. At the start, idx will point to the
//rightmost index in the indices array, but the moment that index moves out of bounds with respect to the
//base set, attention will be shifted to the next left index.
test = tmpIndices[idx] + 1;
if (test >= bLen)
{
//Here, we're about to move out of bounds with respect to the base set. We therefore need to scan back,
//and update indices to the left of the current one. Find the leftmost index in the indices array that
//isn't going to move out of bounds with respect to the base set ...
tmpIdx = idx - 1;
incr = 1;
inBounds = false; //Assume at start that the index we're checking in the loop below is out of bounds
checkBounds = true;
while (checkBounds)
{
if (tmpIdx < 0)
{
checkBounds = false; //Exit immediately at this point
}
else
{
newIndex = tmpIndices[tmpIdx] + 1;
test = newIndex + incr;
if (test >= bLen)
{
//Here, incrementing the current selected index will take that index out of bounds, so
//we move on to the next index to the left ...
tmpIdx--;
incr++;
}
else
{
//Here, the index will remain in bounds if we increment it, so we
//exit the loop and signal that we're in bounds ...
inBounds = true;
checkBounds = false;
//End if/else
}
//End if
}
//End while
}
//At this point, if we'er still in bounds, then we continue generating subsets, but if not, we abort immediately.
if (!inBounds)
done = true;
else
{
//Here, we're still in bounds. We need to update the indices accordingly. NOTE: at this point, although a
//left positioned index in the indices array may still be in bounds, incrementing it to generate indices to
//the right may take those indices out of bounds. We therefore need to check this as we perform the index
//updating of the indices array.
tmpIndices[tmpIdx] = newIndex;
inBounds = true;
checking = true;
i = tmpIdx + 1;
while (checking)
{
test = tmpIndices[i - 1] + 1; //Find out if incrementing the left adjacent index takes it out of bounds
if (test >= bLen)
{
inBounds = false; //If we move out of bounds, exit NOW ...
checking = false;
}
else
{
tmpIndices[i] = test; //Otherwise, update the indices array ...
i++; //Now move on to the next index to the right in the indices array ...
checking = (i < cnt); //And continue until we've exhausted all the indices array elements ...
//End if/else
}
//End while
}
//At this point, if the above updating of the indices array has moved any of its elements out of bounds,
//we abort subset construction from this point ...
if (!inBounds)
done = true;
//End if/else
}
}
else
{
//Here, the rightmost index under consideration isn't moving out of bounds with respect to the base set when
//we increment it, so we simply increment and continue the loop ...
tmpIndices[idx] = test;
//End if
}
//End while
}
return(result);
//End function
}
function MakePowerSet(baseSet)
{
var bLen = baseSet.length;
var result = [];
var i = 0;
var partialSet = [];
result.push([]); //add the empty set to the power set
for (i=1; i<bLen; i++)
{
partialSet = MakeCombinationSubsets(baseSet, i);
result = result.concat(partialSet);
//End i loop
}
//Now, finally, add the base set itself to the power set to make it complete ...
partialSet = [];
partialSet.push(baseSet);
result = result.concat(partialSet);
return(result);
//End function
}
我用集合["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]作为基本集进行了测试,并运行代码以产生以下幂集:
[]
["a"]
["b"]
["c"]
["d"]
["e"]
["f"]
["a","b"]
["a","c"]
["a","d"]
["a","e"]
["a","f"]
["b","c"]
["b","d"]
["b","e"]
["b","f"]
["c","d"]
["c","e"]
["c","f"]
["d","e"]
["d","f"]
["e","f"]
["a","b","c"]
["a","b","d"]
["a","b","e"]
["a","b","f"]
["a","c","d"]
["a","c","e"]
["a","c","f"]
["a","d","e"]
["a","d","f"]
["a","e","f"]
["b","c","d"]
["b","c","e"]
["b","c","f"]
["b","d","e"]
["b","d","f"]
["b","e","f"]
["c","d","e"]
["c","d","f"]
["c","e","f"]
["d","e","f"]
["a","b","c","d"]
["a","b","c","e"]
["a","b","c","f"]
["a","b","d","e"]
["a","b","d","f"]
["a","b","e","f"]
["a","c","d","e"]
["a","c","d","f"]
["a","c","e","f"]
["a","d","e","f"]
["b","c","d","e"]
["b","c","d","f"]
["b","c","e","f"]
["b","d","e","f"]
["c","d","e","f"]
["a","b","c","d","e"]
["a","b","c","d","f"]
["a","b","c","e","f"]
["a","b","d","e","f"]
["a","c","d","e","f"]
["b","c","d","e","f"]
["a","b","c","d","e","f"]
只要复制粘贴这两个函数“原样”,你就有了提取n元素集的不同k子集所需的基本知识,并生成该n元素集的幂集(如果你愿意的话)。
我并不是说这很优雅,只是说它在经过大量的测试(并在调试阶段将空气变为蓝色:)之后可以工作。
我可以给出这个问题的递归Python解决方案吗?
def choose_iter(elements, length):
for i in xrange(len(elements)):
if length == 1:
yield (elements[i],)
else:
for next in choose_iter(elements[i+1:], length-1):
yield (elements[i],) + next
def choose(l, k):
return list(choose_iter(l, k))
使用示例:
>>> len(list(choose_iter("abcdefgh",3)))
56
我喜欢它的简洁。