我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
当前回答
在答案列表中没有看到这个,这是我想出的一个。它允许使用'in'关键字和len()方法:
class EnumTypeError(TypeError):
pass
class Enum(object):
"""
Minics enum type from different languages
Usage:
Letters = Enum(list('abc'))
a = Letters.a
print(a in Letters) # True
print(54 in Letters) # False
"""
def __init__(self, enums):
if isinstance(enums, dict):
self.__dict__.update(enums)
elif isinstance(enums, list) or isinstance(enums, tuple):
self.__dict__.update(**dict((v,k) for k,v in enumerate(enums)))
else:
raise EnumTypeError
def __contains__(self, key):
return key in self.__dict__.values()
def __len__(self):
return len(self.__dict__.values())
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('Using a dictionary to create Enum:')
Letters = Enum(dict((v,k) for k,v in enumerate(list('abcde'))))
a = Letters.a
print('\tIs a in e?', a in Letters)
print('\tIs 54 in e?', 54 in Letters)
print('\tLength of Letters enum:', len(Letters))
print('\nUsing a list to create Enum:')
Letters = Enum(list('abcde'))
a = Letters.a
print('\tIs a in e?', a in Letters)
print('\tIs 54 in e?', 54 in Letters)
print('\tLength of Letters enum:', len(Letters))
try:
# make sure we raise an exception if we pass an invalid arg
Failure = Enum('This is a Failure')
print('Failure')
except EnumTypeError:
print('Success!')
输出:
Using a dictionary to create Enum:
Is a in e? True
Is 54 in e? False
Length of Letters enum: 5
Using a list to create Enum:
Is a in e? True
Is 54 in e? False
Length of Letters enum: 5
Success!
其他回答
在PEP 435之前,Python没有等效的,但你可以实现自己的。
就我个人而言,我喜欢保持简单(我在网上看到过一些非常复杂的例子),就像这样……
class Animal:
DOG = 1
CAT = 2
x = Animal.DOG
在Python 3.4 (PEP 435)中,可以将Enum作为基类。这为您提供了一些额外的功能,详见PEP。例如,enum成员不同于整数,它们由名称和值组成。
from enum import Enum
class Animal(Enum):
DOG = 1
CAT = 2
print(Animal.DOG)
# <Animal.DOG: 1>
print(Animal.DOG.value)
# 1
print(Animal.DOG.name)
# "DOG"
如果您不想键入值,请使用以下快捷方式:
class Animal(Enum):
DOG, CAT = range(2)
枚举实现可以转换为列表,并且是可迭代的。其成员的顺序是声明顺序,与它们的值无关。例如:
class Animal(Enum):
DOG = 1
CAT = 2
COW = 0
list(Animal)
# [<Animal.DOG: 1>, <Animal.CAT: 2>, <Animal.COW: 0>]
[animal.value for animal in Animal]
# [1, 2, 0]
Animal.CAT in Animal
# True
这里是一个实现:
class Enum(set):
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name in self:
return name
raise AttributeError
下面是它的用法:
Animals = Enum(["DOG", "CAT", "HORSE"])
print(Animals.DOG)
来自PyPI的枚举包提供了枚举的健壮实现。之前的回答提到了PEP 354;这一提议遭到拒绝,但该提议得到了执行 http://pypi.python.org/pypi/enum。
用法简单而优雅:
>>> from enum import Enum
>>> Colors = Enum('red', 'blue', 'green')
>>> shirt_color = Colors.green
>>> shirt_color = Colors[2]
>>> shirt_color > Colors.red
True
>>> shirt_color.index
2
>>> str(shirt_color)
'green'
我非常喜欢Alec Thomas的解决方案(http://stackoverflow.com/a/1695250):
def enum(**enums):
'''simple constant "enums"'''
return type('Enum', (object,), enums)
它看起来优雅而简洁,但它只是一个创建具有指定属性的类的函数。
通过对函数进行一些修改,我们可以让它表现得更像“枚举”:
注意:我通过尝试重现 pygtk的新样式'enums'的行为(如gtk . messagtype . warning)
def enum_base(t, **enums):
'''enums with a base class'''
T = type('Enum', (t,), {})
for key,val in enums.items():
setattr(T, key, T(val))
return T
这将基于指定类型创建枚举。除了像前面的函数那样提供属性访问外,它的行为与您期望Enum对类型的行为一样。它还继承了基类。
例如,整数enum:
>>> Numbers = enum_base(int, ONE=1, TWO=2, THREE=3)
>>> Numbers.ONE
1
>>> x = Numbers.TWO
>>> 10 + x
12
>>> type(Numbers)
<type 'type'>
>>> type(Numbers.ONE)
<class 'Enum'>
>>> isinstance(x, Numbers)
True
用这个方法还可以做一件有趣的事情,那就是通过覆盖内置方法来定制特定的行为:
def enum_repr(t, **enums):
'''enums with a base class and repr() output'''
class Enum(t):
def __repr__(self):
return '<enum {0} of type Enum({1})>'.format(self._name, t.__name__)
for key,val in enums.items():
i = Enum(val)
i._name = key
setattr(Enum, key, i)
return Enum
>>> Numbers = enum_repr(int, ONE=1, TWO=2, THREE=3)
>>> repr(Numbers.ONE)
'<enum ONE of type Enum(int)>'
>>> str(Numbers.ONE)
'1'
我使用元类来实现枚举(在我的想法中,它是一个const)。代码如下:
class ConstMeta(type):
'''
Metaclass for some class that store constants
'''
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
'''
init class instance
'''
def static_attrs():
'''
@rtype: (static_attrs, static_val_set)
@return: Static attributes in dict format and static value set
'''
import types
attrs = {}
val_set = set()
#Maybe more
filter_names = set(['__doc__', '__init__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__main__'])
for key, value in dct.iteritems():
if type(value) != types.FunctionType and key not in filter_names:
if len(value) != 2:
raise NotImplementedError('not support for values that is not 2 elements!')
#Check value[0] duplication.
if value[0] not in val_set:
val_set.add(value[0])
else:
raise KeyError("%s 's key: %s is duplicated!" % (dict([(key, value)]), value[0]))
attrs[key] = value
return attrs, val_set
attrs, val_set = static_attrs()
#Set STATIC_ATTRS to class instance so that can reuse
setattr(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS', attrs)
setattr(cls, 'static_val_set', val_set)
super(ConstMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
def __getattribute__(cls, name):
'''
Rewrite the special function so as to get correct attribute value
'''
static_attrs = object.__getattribute__(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS')
if name in static_attrs:
return static_attrs[name][0]
return object.__getattribute__(cls, name)
def static_values(cls):
'''
Put values in static attribute into a list, use the function to validate value.
@return: Set of values
'''
return cls.static_val_set
def __getitem__(cls, key):
'''
Rewrite to make syntax SomeConstClass[key] works, and return desc string of related static value.
@return: Desc string of related static value
'''
for k, v in cls.STATIC_ATTRS.iteritems():
if v[0] == key:
return v[1]
raise KeyError('Key: %s does not exists in %s !' % (str(key), repr(cls)))
class Const(object):
'''
Base class for constant class.
@usage:
Definition: (must inherit from Const class!
>>> class SomeConst(Const):
>>> STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
>>> STATUS_NAME_2 = (2, 'desc for the status2')
Invoke(base upper SomeConst class):
1) SomeConst.STATUS_NAME_1 returns 1
2) SomeConst[1] returns 'desc for the status1'
3) SomeConst.STATIC_ATTRS returns {'STATUS_NAME_1': (1, 'desc for the status1'), 'STATUS_NAME_2': (2, 'desc for the status2')}
4) SomeConst.static_values() returns set([1, 2])
Attention:
SomeCosnt's value 1, 2 can not be duplicated!
If WrongConst is like this, it will raise KeyError:
class WrongConst(Const):
STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
STATUS_NAME_2 = (1, 'desc for the status2')
'''
__metaclass__ = ConstMeta
##################################################################
#Const Base Class ends
##################################################################
def main():
class STATUS(Const):
ERROR = (-3, '??')
OK = (0, '??')
print STATUS.ERROR
print STATUS.static_values()
print STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS
#Usage sample:
user_input = 1
#Validate input:
print user_input in STATUS.static_values()
#Template render like:
print '<select>'
for key, value in STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS.items():
print '<option value="%s">%s</option>' % (value[0], value[1])
print '</select>'
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()