我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
当前回答
最好的解决方案取决于你需要从你的假枚举中得到什么。
简单的枚举:
如果你只需要枚举作为标识不同项目的名称列表,Mark Harrison(上图)的解决方案是很棒的:
Pen, Pencil, Eraser = range(0, 3)
使用范围还允许你设置任何起始值:
Pen, Pencil, Eraser = range(9, 12)
除此之外,如果你还要求项属于某种类型的容器,那么将它们嵌入到一个类中:
class Stationery:
Pen, Pencil, Eraser = range(0, 3)
要使用枚举项,你现在需要使用容器名和项名:
stype = Stationery.Pen
复杂的枚举:
对于枚举的长列表或更复杂的enum使用,这些解决方案是不够的。你可以参考Will Ware在Python Cookbook中发布的关于在Python中模拟枚举的食谱。这里有一个在线版本。
更多信息:
PEP 354: Python中的枚举有关于Python中的枚举建议的有趣细节,以及为什么它被拒绝。
其他回答
遵循Aaron Maenpaa提出的类Java枚举实现,我得出了以下结论。我们的想法是使它具有通用性和可解析性。
class Enum:
#'''
#Java like implementation for enums.
#
#Usage:
#class Tool(Enum): name = 'Tool'
#Tool.DRILL = Tool.register('drill')
#Tool.HAMMER = Tool.register('hammer')
#Tool.WRENCH = Tool.register('wrench')
#'''
name = 'Enum' # Enum name
_reg = dict([]) # Enum registered values
@classmethod
def register(cls, value):
#'''
#Registers a new value in this enum.
#
#@param value: New enum value.
#
#@return: New value wrapper instance.
#'''
inst = cls(value)
cls._reg[value] = inst
return inst
@classmethod
def parse(cls, value):
#'''
#Parses a value, returning the enum instance.
#
#@param value: Enum value.
#
#@return: Value corresp instance.
#'''
return cls._reg.get(value)
def __init__(self, value):
#'''
#Constructor (only for internal use).
#'''
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
#'''
#str() overload.
#'''
return self.value
def __repr__(self):
#'''
#repr() overload.
#'''
return "<" + self.name + ": " + self.value + ">"
嗯…我认为最接近枚举的应该是字典,定义如下:
months = {
'January': 1,
'February': 2,
...
}
or
months = dict(
January=1,
February=2,
...
)
然后,你可以像这样使用常量的符号名:
mymonth = months['January']
还有其他选项,如元组列表或元组的元组,但字典是唯一提供“符号”(常量字符串)方式来访问 价值。
编辑:我也喜欢亚历山大的答案!
我使用元类来实现枚举(在我的想法中,它是一个const)。代码如下:
class ConstMeta(type):
'''
Metaclass for some class that store constants
'''
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
'''
init class instance
'''
def static_attrs():
'''
@rtype: (static_attrs, static_val_set)
@return: Static attributes in dict format and static value set
'''
import types
attrs = {}
val_set = set()
#Maybe more
filter_names = set(['__doc__', '__init__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__main__'])
for key, value in dct.iteritems():
if type(value) != types.FunctionType and key not in filter_names:
if len(value) != 2:
raise NotImplementedError('not support for values that is not 2 elements!')
#Check value[0] duplication.
if value[0] not in val_set:
val_set.add(value[0])
else:
raise KeyError("%s 's key: %s is duplicated!" % (dict([(key, value)]), value[0]))
attrs[key] = value
return attrs, val_set
attrs, val_set = static_attrs()
#Set STATIC_ATTRS to class instance so that can reuse
setattr(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS', attrs)
setattr(cls, 'static_val_set', val_set)
super(ConstMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
def __getattribute__(cls, name):
'''
Rewrite the special function so as to get correct attribute value
'''
static_attrs = object.__getattribute__(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS')
if name in static_attrs:
return static_attrs[name][0]
return object.__getattribute__(cls, name)
def static_values(cls):
'''
Put values in static attribute into a list, use the function to validate value.
@return: Set of values
'''
return cls.static_val_set
def __getitem__(cls, key):
'''
Rewrite to make syntax SomeConstClass[key] works, and return desc string of related static value.
@return: Desc string of related static value
'''
for k, v in cls.STATIC_ATTRS.iteritems():
if v[0] == key:
return v[1]
raise KeyError('Key: %s does not exists in %s !' % (str(key), repr(cls)))
class Const(object):
'''
Base class for constant class.
@usage:
Definition: (must inherit from Const class!
>>> class SomeConst(Const):
>>> STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
>>> STATUS_NAME_2 = (2, 'desc for the status2')
Invoke(base upper SomeConst class):
1) SomeConst.STATUS_NAME_1 returns 1
2) SomeConst[1] returns 'desc for the status1'
3) SomeConst.STATIC_ATTRS returns {'STATUS_NAME_1': (1, 'desc for the status1'), 'STATUS_NAME_2': (2, 'desc for the status2')}
4) SomeConst.static_values() returns set([1, 2])
Attention:
SomeCosnt's value 1, 2 can not be duplicated!
If WrongConst is like this, it will raise KeyError:
class WrongConst(Const):
STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
STATUS_NAME_2 = (1, 'desc for the status2')
'''
__metaclass__ = ConstMeta
##################################################################
#Const Base Class ends
##################################################################
def main():
class STATUS(Const):
ERROR = (-3, '??')
OK = (0, '??')
print STATUS.ERROR
print STATUS.static_values()
print STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS
#Usage sample:
user_input = 1
#Validate input:
print user_input in STATUS.static_values()
#Template render like:
print '<select>'
for key, value in STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS.items():
print '<option value="%s">%s</option>' % (value[0], value[1])
print '</select>'
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Python的标准是PEP 435,所以在Python 3.4+中可以使用Enum类:
>>> from enum import Enum
>>> class Colors(Enum):
... red = 1
... green = 2
... blue = 3
>>> for color in Colors: print color
Colors.red
Colors.green
Colors.blue
Davidg建议使用词典。我想更进一步,使用集合:
months = set('January', 'February', ..., 'December')
现在你可以测试一个值是否与集合中的一个值匹配,如下所示:
if m in months:
但是,像dF,我通常只使用字符串常量来代替枚举。