我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
当前回答
遵循Aaron Maenpaa提出的类Java枚举实现,我得出了以下结论。我们的想法是使它具有通用性和可解析性。
class Enum:
#'''
#Java like implementation for enums.
#
#Usage:
#class Tool(Enum): name = 'Tool'
#Tool.DRILL = Tool.register('drill')
#Tool.HAMMER = Tool.register('hammer')
#Tool.WRENCH = Tool.register('wrench')
#'''
name = 'Enum' # Enum name
_reg = dict([]) # Enum registered values
@classmethod
def register(cls, value):
#'''
#Registers a new value in this enum.
#
#@param value: New enum value.
#
#@return: New value wrapper instance.
#'''
inst = cls(value)
cls._reg[value] = inst
return inst
@classmethod
def parse(cls, value):
#'''
#Parses a value, returning the enum instance.
#
#@param value: Enum value.
#
#@return: Value corresp instance.
#'''
return cls._reg.get(value)
def __init__(self, value):
#'''
#Constructor (only for internal use).
#'''
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
#'''
#str() overload.
#'''
return self.value
def __repr__(self):
#'''
#repr() overload.
#'''
return "<" + self.name + ": " + self.value + ">"
其他回答
这是我在这里找到的一个很好的Python食谱:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577024-yet-another-enum-for-python/
def enum(typename, field_names):
"Create a new enumeration type"
if isinstance(field_names, str):
field_names = field_names.replace(',', ' ').split()
d = dict((reversed(nv) for nv in enumerate(field_names)), __slots__ = ())
return type(typename, (object,), d)()
使用示例:
STATE = enum('STATE', 'GET_QUIZ, GET_VERSE, TEACH')
更多细节可以在食谱页面上找到。
Davidg建议使用词典。我想更进一步,使用集合:
months = set('January', 'February', ..., 'December')
现在你可以测试一个值是否与集合中的一个值匹配,如下所示:
if m in months:
但是,像dF,我通常只使用字符串常量来代替枚举。
def enum( *names ):
'''
Makes enum.
Usage:
E = enum( 'YOUR', 'KEYS', 'HERE' )
print( E.HERE )
'''
class Enum():
pass
for index, name in enumerate( names ):
setattr( Enum, name, index )
return Enum
我使用元类来实现枚举(在我的想法中,它是一个const)。代码如下:
class ConstMeta(type):
'''
Metaclass for some class that store constants
'''
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
'''
init class instance
'''
def static_attrs():
'''
@rtype: (static_attrs, static_val_set)
@return: Static attributes in dict format and static value set
'''
import types
attrs = {}
val_set = set()
#Maybe more
filter_names = set(['__doc__', '__init__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__main__'])
for key, value in dct.iteritems():
if type(value) != types.FunctionType and key not in filter_names:
if len(value) != 2:
raise NotImplementedError('not support for values that is not 2 elements!')
#Check value[0] duplication.
if value[0] not in val_set:
val_set.add(value[0])
else:
raise KeyError("%s 's key: %s is duplicated!" % (dict([(key, value)]), value[0]))
attrs[key] = value
return attrs, val_set
attrs, val_set = static_attrs()
#Set STATIC_ATTRS to class instance so that can reuse
setattr(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS', attrs)
setattr(cls, 'static_val_set', val_set)
super(ConstMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
def __getattribute__(cls, name):
'''
Rewrite the special function so as to get correct attribute value
'''
static_attrs = object.__getattribute__(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS')
if name in static_attrs:
return static_attrs[name][0]
return object.__getattribute__(cls, name)
def static_values(cls):
'''
Put values in static attribute into a list, use the function to validate value.
@return: Set of values
'''
return cls.static_val_set
def __getitem__(cls, key):
'''
Rewrite to make syntax SomeConstClass[key] works, and return desc string of related static value.
@return: Desc string of related static value
'''
for k, v in cls.STATIC_ATTRS.iteritems():
if v[0] == key:
return v[1]
raise KeyError('Key: %s does not exists in %s !' % (str(key), repr(cls)))
class Const(object):
'''
Base class for constant class.
@usage:
Definition: (must inherit from Const class!
>>> class SomeConst(Const):
>>> STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
>>> STATUS_NAME_2 = (2, 'desc for the status2')
Invoke(base upper SomeConst class):
1) SomeConst.STATUS_NAME_1 returns 1
2) SomeConst[1] returns 'desc for the status1'
3) SomeConst.STATIC_ATTRS returns {'STATUS_NAME_1': (1, 'desc for the status1'), 'STATUS_NAME_2': (2, 'desc for the status2')}
4) SomeConst.static_values() returns set([1, 2])
Attention:
SomeCosnt's value 1, 2 can not be duplicated!
If WrongConst is like this, it will raise KeyError:
class WrongConst(Const):
STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
STATUS_NAME_2 = (1, 'desc for the status2')
'''
__metaclass__ = ConstMeta
##################################################################
#Const Base Class ends
##################################################################
def main():
class STATUS(Const):
ERROR = (-3, '??')
OK = (0, '??')
print STATUS.ERROR
print STATUS.static_values()
print STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS
#Usage sample:
user_input = 1
#Validate input:
print user_input in STATUS.static_values()
#Template render like:
print '<select>'
for key, value in STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS.items():
print '<option value="%s">%s</option>' % (value[0], value[1])
print '</select>'
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
我用什么:
class Enum(object):
def __init__(self, names, separator=None):
self.names = names.split(separator)
for value, name in enumerate(self.names):
setattr(self, name.upper(), value)
def tuples(self):
return tuple(enumerate(self.names))
使用方法:
>>> state = Enum('draft published retracted')
>>> state.DRAFT
0
>>> state.RETRACTED
2
>>> state.FOO
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Enum' object has no attribute 'FOO'
>>> state.tuples()
((0, 'draft'), (1, 'published'), (2, 'retracted'))
这就给出了整数常数,比如状态。PUBLISHED和在Django模型中用作选项的二元组。