我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
当前回答
嗯…我认为最接近枚举的应该是字典,定义如下:
months = {
'January': 1,
'February': 2,
...
}
or
months = dict(
January=1,
February=2,
...
)
然后,你可以像这样使用常量的符号名:
mymonth = months['January']
还有其他选项,如元组列表或元组的元组,但字典是唯一提供“符号”(常量字符串)方式来访问 价值。
编辑:我也喜欢亚历山大的答案!
其他回答
有趣的是,前几天我正好需要这个,但我找不到一个值得使用的实现……所以我自己写了:
import functools
class EnumValue(object):
def __init__(self,name,value,type):
self.__value=value
self.__name=name
self.Type=type
def __str__(self):
return self.__name
def __repr__(self):#2.6 only... so change to what ever you need...
return '{cls}({0!r},{1!r},{2})'.format(self.__name,self.__value,self.Type.__name__,cls=type(self).__name__)
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.__value)
def __nonzero__(self):
return bool(self.__value)
def __cmp__(self,other):
if isinstance(other,EnumValue):
return cmp(self.__value,other.__value)
else:
return cmp(self.__value,other)#hopefully their the same type... but who cares?
def __or__(self,other):
if other is None:
return self
elif type(self) is not type(other):
raise TypeError()
return EnumValue('{0.Name} | {1.Name}'.format(self,other),self.Value|other.Value,self.Type)
def __and__(self,other):
if other is None:
return self
elif type(self) is not type(other):
raise TypeError()
return EnumValue('{0.Name} & {1.Name}'.format(self,other),self.Value&other.Value,self.Type)
def __contains__(self,other):
if self.Value==other.Value:
return True
return bool(self&other)
def __invert__(self):
enumerables=self.Type.__enumerables__
return functools.reduce(EnumValue.__or__,(enum for enum in enumerables.itervalues() if enum not in self))
@property
def Name(self):
return self.__name
@property
def Value(self):
return self.__value
class EnumMeta(type):
@staticmethod
def __addToReverseLookup(rev,value,newKeys,nextIter,force=True):
if value in rev:
forced,items=rev.get(value,(force,()) )
if forced and force: #value was forced, so just append
rev[value]=(True,items+newKeys)
elif not forced:#move it to a new spot
next=nextIter.next()
EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(rev,next,items,nextIter,False)
rev[value]=(force,newKeys)
else: #not forcing this value
next = nextIter.next()
EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(rev,next,newKeys,nextIter,False)
rev[value]=(force,newKeys)
else:#set it and forget it
rev[value]=(force,newKeys)
return value
def __init__(cls,name,bases,atts):
classVars=vars(cls)
enums = classVars.get('__enumerables__',None)
nextIter = getattr(cls,'__nextitr__',itertools.count)()
reverseLookup={}
values={}
if enums is not None:
#build reverse lookup
for item in enums:
if isinstance(item,(tuple,list)):
items=list(item)
value=items.pop()
EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(reverseLookup,value,tuple(map(str,items)),nextIter)
else:
value=nextIter.next()
value=EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(reverseLookup,value,(str(item),),nextIter,False)#add it to the reverse lookup, but don't force it to that value
#build values and clean up reverse lookup
for value,fkeys in reverseLookup.iteritems():
f,keys=fkeys
for key in keys:
enum=EnumValue(key,value,cls)
setattr(cls,key,enum)
values[key]=enum
reverseLookup[value]=tuple(val for val in values.itervalues() if val.Value == value)
setattr(cls,'__reverseLookup__',reverseLookup)
setattr(cls,'__enumerables__',values)
setattr(cls,'_Max',max([key for key in reverseLookup] or [0]))
return super(EnumMeta,cls).__init__(name,bases,atts)
def __iter__(cls):
for enum in cls.__enumerables__.itervalues():
yield enum
def GetEnumByName(cls,name):
return cls.__enumerables__.get(name,None)
def GetEnumByValue(cls,value):
return cls.__reverseLookup__.get(value,(None,))[0]
class Enum(object):
__metaclass__=EnumMeta
__enumerables__=None
class FlagEnum(Enum):
@staticmethod
def __nextitr__():
yield 0
for val in itertools.count():
yield 2**val
def enum(name,*args):
return EnumMeta(name,(Enum,),dict(__enumerables__=args))
接受或离开它,它做了我需要它做的:)
像这样使用它:
class Air(FlagEnum):
__enumerables__=('None','Oxygen','Nitrogen','Hydrogen')
class Mammals(Enum):
__enumerables__=('Bat','Whale',('Dog','Puppy',1),'Cat')
Bool = enum('Bool','Yes',('No',0))
以下是我认为有价值的方法:
允许>和<基于枚举中的顺序进行比较,而不是词法顺序 可以地址项目的名称,属性或索引:x.a, x['a']或x[0] 支持[:]或[-1]等切片操作
最重要的是防止不同类型的枚举之间的比较!
基于http://code.activestate.com/recipes/413486-first-class-enums-in-python。
这里包含了许多文档测试,以说明这种方法的不同之处。
def enum(*names):
"""
SYNOPSIS
Well-behaved enumerated type, easier than creating custom classes
DESCRIPTION
Create a custom type that implements an enumeration. Similar in concept
to a C enum but with some additional capabilities and protections. See
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/413486-first-class-enums-in-python/.
PARAMETERS
names Ordered list of names. The order in which names are given
will be the sort order in the enum type. Duplicate names
are not allowed. Unicode names are mapped to ASCII.
RETURNS
Object of type enum, with the input names and the enumerated values.
EXAMPLES
>>> letters = enum('a','e','i','o','u','b','c','y','z')
>>> letters.a < letters.e
True
## index by property
>>> letters.a
a
## index by position
>>> letters[0]
a
## index by name, helpful for bridging string inputs to enum
>>> letters['a']
a
## sorting by order in the enum() create, not character value
>>> letters.u < letters.b
True
## normal slicing operations available
>>> letters[-1]
z
## error since there are not 100 items in enum
>>> letters[99]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: tuple index out of range
## error since name does not exist in enum
>>> letters['ggg']
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
## enums must be named using valid Python identifiers
>>> numbers = enum(1,2,3,4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Enum values must be string or unicode
>>> a = enum('-a','-b')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases
__slots__ must be identifiers
## create another enum
>>> tags = enum('a','b','c')
>>> tags.a
a
>>> letters.a
a
## can't compare values from different enums
>>> letters.a == tags.a
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Only values from the same enum are comparable
>>> letters.a < tags.a
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Only values from the same enum are comparable
## can't update enum after create
>>> letters.a = 'x'
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: 'EnumClass' object attribute 'a' is read-only
## can't update enum after create
>>> del letters.u
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: 'EnumClass' object attribute 'u' is read-only
## can't have non-unique enum values
>>> x = enum('a','b','c','a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Enums must not repeat values
## can't have zero enum values
>>> x = enum()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Empty enums are not supported
## can't have enum values that look like special function names
## since these could collide and lead to non-obvious errors
>>> x = enum('a','b','c','__cmp__')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Enum values beginning with __ are not supported
LIMITATIONS
Enum values of unicode type are not preserved, mapped to ASCII instead.
"""
## must have at least one enum value
assert names, 'Empty enums are not supported'
## enum values must be strings
assert len([i for i in names if not isinstance(i, types.StringTypes) and not \
isinstance(i, unicode)]) == 0, 'Enum values must be string or unicode'
## enum values must not collide with special function names
assert len([i for i in names if i.startswith("__")]) == 0,\
'Enum values beginning with __ are not supported'
## each enum value must be unique from all others
assert names == uniquify(names), 'Enums must not repeat values'
class EnumClass(object):
""" See parent function for explanation """
__slots__ = names
def __iter__(self):
return iter(constants)
def __len__(self):
return len(constants)
def __getitem__(self, i):
## this makes xx['name'] possible
if isinstance(i, types.StringTypes):
i = names.index(i)
## handles the more normal xx[0]
return constants[i]
def __repr__(self):
return 'enum' + str(names)
def __str__(self):
return 'enum ' + str(constants)
def index(self, i):
return names.index(i)
class EnumValue(object):
""" See parent function for explanation """
__slots__ = ('__value')
def __init__(self, value):
self.__value = value
value = property(lambda self: self.__value)
enumtype = property(lambda self: enumtype)
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.__value)
def __cmp__(self, other):
assert self.enumtype is other.enumtype, 'Only values from the same enum are comparable'
return cmp(self.value, other.value)
def __invert__(self):
return constants[maximum - self.value]
def __nonzero__(self):
## return bool(self.value)
## Original code led to bool(x[0])==False, not correct
return True
def __repr__(self):
return str(names[self.value])
maximum = len(names) - 1
constants = [None] * len(names)
for i, each in enumerate(names):
val = EnumValue(i)
setattr(EnumClass, each, val)
constants[i] = val
constants = tuple(constants)
enumtype = EnumClass()
return enumtype
我通常使用的解决方案是这个简单的函数来获取动态创建的类的实例。
def enum(names):
"Create a simple enumeration having similarities to C."
return type('enum', (), dict(map(reversed, enumerate(
names.replace(',', ' ').split())), __slots__=()))()
使用它非常简单,只需使用包含想要引用的名称的字符串调用函数即可。
grade = enum('A B C D F')
state = enum('awake, sleeping, dead')
这些值只是整数,因此如果需要可以利用它(就像在C语言中一样)。
>>> grade.A
0
>>> grade.B
1
>>> grade.F == 4
True
>>> state.dead == 2
True
这是我见过的最好的一个:“Python中的First Class Enums”
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/413486/
It gives you a class, and the class contains all the enums. The enums can be compared to each other, but don't have any particular value; you can't use them as an integer value. (I resisted this at first because I am used to C enums, which are integer values. But if you can't use it as an integer, you can't use it as an integer by mistake so overall I think it is a win.) Each enum is a unique value. You can print enums, you can iterate over them, you can test that an enum value is "in" the enum. It's pretty complete and slick.
编辑(cfi):上面的链接不兼容Python 3。下面是我将枚举.py移植到Python 3的端口:
def cmp(a,b):
if a < b: return -1
if b < a: return 1
return 0
def Enum(*names):
##assert names, "Empty enums are not supported" # <- Don't like empty enums? Uncomment!
class EnumClass(object):
__slots__ = names
def __iter__(self): return iter(constants)
def __len__(self): return len(constants)
def __getitem__(self, i): return constants[i]
def __repr__(self): return 'Enum' + str(names)
def __str__(self): return 'enum ' + str(constants)
class EnumValue(object):
__slots__ = ('__value')
def __init__(self, value): self.__value = value
Value = property(lambda self: self.__value)
EnumType = property(lambda self: EnumType)
def __hash__(self): return hash(self.__value)
def __cmp__(self, other):
# C fans might want to remove the following assertion
# to make all enums comparable by ordinal value {;))
assert self.EnumType is other.EnumType, "Only values from the same enum are comparable"
return cmp(self.__value, other.__value)
def __lt__(self, other): return self.__cmp__(other) < 0
def __eq__(self, other): return self.__cmp__(other) == 0
def __invert__(self): return constants[maximum - self.__value]
def __nonzero__(self): return bool(self.__value)
def __repr__(self): return str(names[self.__value])
maximum = len(names) - 1
constants = [None] * len(names)
for i, each in enumerate(names):
val = EnumValue(i)
setattr(EnumClass, each, val)
constants[i] = val
constants = tuple(constants)
EnumType = EnumClass()
return EnumType
if __name__ == '__main__':
print( '\n*** Enum Demo ***')
print( '--- Days of week ---')
Days = Enum('Mo', 'Tu', 'We', 'Th', 'Fr', 'Sa', 'Su')
print( Days)
print( Days.Mo)
print( Days.Fr)
print( Days.Mo < Days.Fr)
print( list(Days))
for each in Days:
print( 'Day:', each)
print( '--- Yes/No ---')
Confirmation = Enum('No', 'Yes')
answer = Confirmation.No
print( 'Your answer is not', ~answer)
另一个非常简单的Python枚举实现,使用namedtuple:
from collections import namedtuple
def enum(*keys):
return namedtuple('Enum', keys)(*keys)
MyEnum = enum('FOO', 'BAR', 'BAZ')
,或者
# With sequential number values
def enum(*keys):
return namedtuple('Enum', keys)(*range(len(keys)))
# From a dict / keyword args
def enum(**kwargs):
return namedtuple('Enum', kwargs.keys())(*kwargs.values())
# Example for dictionary param:
values = {"Salad": 20, "Carrot": 99, "Tomato": "No i'm not"}
Vegetables= enum(**values)
# >>> print(Vegetables.Tomato) 'No i'm not'
# Example for keyworded params:
Fruits = enum(Apple="Steve Jobs", Peach=1, Banana=2)
# >>> print(Fruits.Apple) 'Steve Jobs'
就像上面子类设置的方法一样,这允许:
'FOO' in MyEnum
other = MyEnum.FOO
assert other == MyEnum.FOO
但是具有更大的灵活性,因为它可以有不同的键和值。这允许
MyEnum.FOO < MyEnum.BAR
如果使用填充连续数字值的版本,则按预期操作。