这个解决方案是获取定义为列表的枚举类的简单方法(没有更多烦人的整数赋值):

enumeration.py:

import new

def create(class_name, names):
    return new.classobj(
        class_name, (object,), dict((y, x) for x, y in enumerate(names))
    )

example.py:

import enumeration

Colors = enumeration.create('Colors', (
    'red',
    'orange',
    'yellow',
    'green',
    'blue',
    'violet',
))

这个解决方案是获取定义为列表的枚举类的简单方法(没有更多烦人的整数赋值):

enumeration.py:

import new

def create(class_name, names):
    return new.classobj(
        class_name, (object,), dict((y, x) for x, y in enumerate(names))
    )

example.py:

import enumeration

Colors = enumeration.create('Colors', (
    'red',
    'orange',
    'yellow',
    'green',
    'blue',
    'violet',
))

在PEP 435之前，Python没有等效的，但你可以实现自己的。

就我个人而言，我喜欢保持简单(我在网上看到过一些非常复杂的例子)，就像这样……

class Animal:
    DOG = 1
    CAT = 2

x = Animal.DOG

在Python 3.4 (PEP 435)中，可以将Enum作为基类。这为您提供了一些额外的功能，详见PEP。例如，enum成员不同于整数，它们由名称和值组成。

from enum import Enum

class Animal(Enum):
    DOG = 1
    CAT = 2

print(Animal.DOG)
# <Animal.DOG: 1>

print(Animal.DOG.value)
# 1

print(Animal.DOG.name)
# "DOG"

如果您不想键入值，请使用以下快捷方式:

class Animal(Enum):
    DOG, CAT = range(2)

枚举实现可以转换为列表，并且是可迭代的。其成员的顺序是声明顺序，与它们的值无关。例如:

class Animal(Enum):
    DOG = 1
    CAT = 2
    COW = 0

list(Animal)
# [<Animal.DOG: 1>, <Animal.CAT: 2>, <Animal.COW: 0>]

[animal.value for animal in Animal]
# [1, 2, 0]

Animal.CAT in Animal
# True

我需要在pyparsing中使用一些符号常量来表示二进制运算符的左右结合性。我像这样使用类常量:

# an internal class, not intended to be seen by client code
class _Constants(object):
    pass


# an enumeration of constants for operator associativity
opAssoc = _Constants()
opAssoc.LEFT = object()
opAssoc.RIGHT = object()

现在当客户端代码想要使用这些常量时，他们可以使用以下方法导入整个枚举:

import opAssoc from pyparsing

枚举是唯一的，它们可以用'is'而不是'=='来测试，它们不会在我的代码中占用很大的空间，而且它们很容易导入到客户端代码中。它们不支持任何花哨的str()行为，但到目前为止，这属于YAGNI类别。

我使用元类来实现枚举(在我的想法中，它是一个const)。代码如下:

class ConstMeta(type):
    '''
    Metaclass for some class that store constants
    '''
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
        '''
        init class instance
        '''
        def static_attrs():
            '''
            @rtype: (static_attrs, static_val_set)
            @return: Static attributes in dict format and static value set
            '''
            import types
            attrs = {}
            val_set = set()
            #Maybe more
            filter_names = set(['__doc__', '__init__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__main__'])
            for key, value in dct.iteritems():
                if type(value) != types.FunctionType and key not in filter_names:
                    if len(value) != 2:
                        raise NotImplementedError('not support for values that is not 2 elements!')
                    #Check value[0] duplication.
                    if value[0] not in val_set:
                        val_set.add(value[0])
                    else:
                        raise KeyError("%s 's key: %s is duplicated!" % (dict([(key, value)]), value[0]))
                    attrs[key] = value
            return attrs, val_set

        attrs, val_set = static_attrs()
        #Set STATIC_ATTRS to class instance so that can reuse
        setattr(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS', attrs)
        setattr(cls, 'static_val_set', val_set)
        super(ConstMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)

    def __getattribute__(cls, name):
        '''
        Rewrite the special function so as to get correct attribute value
        '''
        static_attrs = object.__getattribute__(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS')
        if name in static_attrs:
            return static_attrs[name][0]
        return object.__getattribute__(cls, name)

    def static_values(cls):
        '''
        Put values in static attribute into a list, use the function to validate value.
        @return: Set of values
        '''
        return cls.static_val_set

    def __getitem__(cls, key):
        '''
        Rewrite to make syntax SomeConstClass[key] works, and return desc string of related static value.
        @return: Desc string of related static value
        '''
        for k, v in cls.STATIC_ATTRS.iteritems():
            if v[0] == key:
                return v[1]
        raise KeyError('Key: %s does not exists in %s !' % (str(key), repr(cls)))


class Const(object):
    '''
    Base class for constant class.

    @usage:

    Definition: (must inherit from Const class!
        >>> class SomeConst(Const):
        >>>   STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
        >>>   STATUS_NAME_2 = (2, 'desc for the status2')

    Invoke(base upper SomeConst class):
    1) SomeConst.STATUS_NAME_1 returns 1
    2) SomeConst[1] returns 'desc for the status1'
    3) SomeConst.STATIC_ATTRS returns {'STATUS_NAME_1': (1, 'desc for the status1'), 'STATUS_NAME_2': (2, 'desc for the status2')}
    4) SomeConst.static_values() returns set([1, 2])

    Attention:
    SomeCosnt's value 1, 2 can not be duplicated!
    If WrongConst is like this, it will raise KeyError:
    class WrongConst(Const):
        STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
        STATUS_NAME_2 = (1, 'desc for the status2')
    '''
    __metaclass__ = ConstMeta
##################################################################
#Const Base Class ends
##################################################################


def main():
    class STATUS(Const):
        ERROR = (-3, '??')
        OK = (0, '??')

    print STATUS.ERROR
    print STATUS.static_values()
    print STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS

    #Usage sample:
    user_input = 1
    #Validate input:
    print user_input in STATUS.static_values()
    #Template render like:
    print '<select>'
    for key, value in STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS.items():
        print '<option value="%s">%s</option>' % (value[0], value[1])
    print '</select>'


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

这里是一个实现:

class Enum(set):
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        if name in self:
            return name
        raise AttributeError

下面是它的用法:

Animals = Enum(["DOG", "CAT", "HORSE"])

print(Animals.DOG)