这个解决方案是获取定义为列表的枚举类的简单方法(没有更多烦人的整数赋值):

enumeration.py:

import new

def create(class_name, names):
    return new.classobj(
        class_name, (object,), dict((y, x) for x, y in enumerate(names))
    )

example.py:

import enumeration

Colors = enumeration.create('Colors', (
    'red',
    'orange',
    'yellow',
    'green',
    'blue',
    'violet',
))

def M_add_class_attribs(attribs):
    def foo(name, bases, dict_):
        for v, k in attribs:
            dict_[k] = v
        return type(name, bases, dict_)
    return foo

def enum(*names):
    class Foo(object):
        __metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs(enumerate(names))
        def __setattr__(self, name, value):  # this makes it read-only
            raise NotImplementedError
    return Foo()

像这样使用它:

Animal = enum('DOG', 'CAT')
Animal.DOG # returns 0
Animal.CAT # returns 1
Animal.DOG = 2 # raises NotImplementedError

如果你只想要唯一的符号，不关心值，替换这行:

__metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs(enumerate(names))

用这个:

__metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs((object(), name) for name in names)

下面是亚历克·托马斯解决方案的一个变种:

def enum(*args, **kwargs):
    return type('Enum', (), dict((y, x) for x, y in enumerate(args), **kwargs)) 

x = enum('POOH', 'TIGGER', 'EEYORE', 'ROO', 'PIGLET', 'RABBIT', 'OWL')
assert x.POOH == 0
assert x.TIGGER == 1

在Java pre-JDK 5中使用的类型安全枚举模式有一个 优势的数量。就像Alexandru的回答一样，你创建了一个 类和类级别字段是枚举值;然而，枚举 值是类的实例，而不是小整数。这已经 优点是枚举值不会在不经意间比较相等 对于小整数，你可以控制它们的打印方式，任意添加 方法(如果有用的话)，并使用isinstance进行断言:

class Animal:
   def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name

   def __str__(self):
       return self.name

   def __repr__(self):
       return "<Animal: %s>" % self

Animal.DOG = Animal("dog")
Animal.CAT = Animal("cat")

>>> x = Animal.DOG
>>> x
<Animal: dog>
>>> x == 1
False

python-dev上最近的一个线程指出，在野外有几个枚举库，包括:

flufl.enum lazr.enum ．.． 和富有想象力的enum

有趣的是，前几天我正好需要这个，但我找不到一个值得使用的实现……所以我自己写了:

import functools

class EnumValue(object):
    def __init__(self,name,value,type):
        self.__value=value
        self.__name=name
        self.Type=type
    def __str__(self):
        return self.__name
    def __repr__(self):#2.6 only... so change to what ever you need...
        return '{cls}({0!r},{1!r},{2})'.format(self.__name,self.__value,self.Type.__name__,cls=type(self).__name__)

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.__value)
    def __nonzero__(self):
        return bool(self.__value)
    def __cmp__(self,other):
        if isinstance(other,EnumValue):
            return cmp(self.__value,other.__value)
        else:
            return cmp(self.__value,other)#hopefully their the same type... but who cares?
    def __or__(self,other):
        if other is None:
            return self
        elif type(self) is not type(other):
            raise TypeError()
        return EnumValue('{0.Name} | {1.Name}'.format(self,other),self.Value|other.Value,self.Type)
    def __and__(self,other):
        if other is None:
            return self
        elif type(self) is not type(other):
            raise TypeError()
        return EnumValue('{0.Name} & {1.Name}'.format(self,other),self.Value&other.Value,self.Type)
    def __contains__(self,other):
        if self.Value==other.Value:
            return True
        return bool(self&other)
    def __invert__(self):
        enumerables=self.Type.__enumerables__
        return functools.reduce(EnumValue.__or__,(enum for enum in enumerables.itervalues() if enum not in self))

    @property
    def Name(self):
        return self.__name

    @property
    def Value(self):
        return self.__value

class EnumMeta(type):
    @staticmethod
    def __addToReverseLookup(rev,value,newKeys,nextIter,force=True):
        if value in rev:
            forced,items=rev.get(value,(force,()) )
            if forced and force: #value was forced, so just append
                rev[value]=(True,items+newKeys)
            elif not forced:#move it to a new spot
                next=nextIter.next()
                EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(rev,next,items,nextIter,False)
                rev[value]=(force,newKeys)
            else: #not forcing this value
                next = nextIter.next()
                EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(rev,next,newKeys,nextIter,False)
                rev[value]=(force,newKeys)
        else:#set it and forget it
            rev[value]=(force,newKeys)
        return value

    def __init__(cls,name,bases,atts):
        classVars=vars(cls)
        enums = classVars.get('__enumerables__',None)
        nextIter = getattr(cls,'__nextitr__',itertools.count)()
        reverseLookup={}
        values={}

        if enums is not None:
            #build reverse lookup
            for item in enums:
                if isinstance(item,(tuple,list)):
                    items=list(item)
                    value=items.pop()
                    EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(reverseLookup,value,tuple(map(str,items)),nextIter)
                else:
                    value=nextIter.next()
                    value=EnumMeta.__addToReverseLookup(reverseLookup,value,(str(item),),nextIter,False)#add it to the reverse lookup, but don't force it to that value

            #build values and clean up reverse lookup
            for value,fkeys in reverseLookup.iteritems():
                f,keys=fkeys
                for key in keys:
                    enum=EnumValue(key,value,cls)
                    setattr(cls,key,enum)
                    values[key]=enum
                reverseLookup[value]=tuple(val for val in values.itervalues() if val.Value == value)
        setattr(cls,'__reverseLookup__',reverseLookup)
        setattr(cls,'__enumerables__',values)
        setattr(cls,'_Max',max([key for key in reverseLookup] or [0]))
        return super(EnumMeta,cls).__init__(name,bases,atts)

    def __iter__(cls):
        for enum in cls.__enumerables__.itervalues():
            yield enum
    def GetEnumByName(cls,name):
        return cls.__enumerables__.get(name,None)
    def GetEnumByValue(cls,value):
        return cls.__reverseLookup__.get(value,(None,))[0]

class Enum(object):
    __metaclass__=EnumMeta
    __enumerables__=None

class FlagEnum(Enum):
    @staticmethod
    def __nextitr__():
        yield 0
        for val in itertools.count():
            yield 2**val

def enum(name,*args):
    return EnumMeta(name,(Enum,),dict(__enumerables__=args))

接受或离开它，它做了我需要它做的:)

像这样使用它:

class Air(FlagEnum):
    __enumerables__=('None','Oxygen','Nitrogen','Hydrogen')

class Mammals(Enum):
    __enumerables__=('Bat','Whale',('Dog','Puppy',1),'Cat')
Bool = enum('Bool','Yes',('No',0))

我非常喜欢Alec Thomas的解决方案(http://stackoverflow.com/a/1695250):

def enum(**enums):
    '''simple constant "enums"'''
    return type('Enum', (object,), enums)

它看起来优雅而简洁，但它只是一个创建具有指定属性的类的函数。

通过对函数进行一些修改，我们可以让它表现得更像“枚举”:

注意:我通过尝试重现 pygtk的新样式'enums'的行为(如gtk . messagtype . warning)

def enum_base(t, **enums):
    '''enums with a base class'''
    T = type('Enum', (t,), {})
    for key,val in enums.items():
        setattr(T, key, T(val))

    return T

这将基于指定类型创建枚举。除了像前面的函数那样提供属性访问外，它的行为与您期望Enum对类型的行为一样。它还继承了基类。

例如，整数enum:

>>> Numbers = enum_base(int, ONE=1, TWO=2, THREE=3)
>>> Numbers.ONE
1
>>> x = Numbers.TWO
>>> 10 + x
12
>>> type(Numbers)
<type 'type'>
>>> type(Numbers.ONE)
<class 'Enum'>
>>> isinstance(x, Numbers)
True

用这个方法还可以做一件有趣的事情，那就是通过覆盖内置方法来定制特定的行为:

def enum_repr(t, **enums):
    '''enums with a base class and repr() output'''
    class Enum(t):
        def __repr__(self):
            return '<enum {0} of type Enum({1})>'.format(self._name, t.__name__)

    for key,val in enums.items():
        i = Enum(val)
        i._name = key
        setattr(Enum, key, i)

    return Enum



>>> Numbers = enum_repr(int, ONE=1, TWO=2, THREE=3)
>>> repr(Numbers.ONE)
'<enum ONE of type Enum(int)>'
>>> str(Numbers.ONE)
'1'