因为JavaScript异常很难子类化，所以我不子类化。我只是创建了一个新的Exception类，并在其中使用一个Error。我修改了Error.name属性，使它看起来像我在控制台上的自定义异常:

var InvalidInputError = function(message) {
    var error = new Error(message);
    error.name = 'InvalidInputError';
    return error;
};

上面的new异常可以像普通的Error一样被抛出，它会像预期的那样工作，例如:

throw new InvalidInputError("Input must be a string");
// Output: Uncaught InvalidInputError: Input must be a string 

注意:堆栈跟踪并不是完美的，因为它只会把你带到创建新错误的地方，而不是你抛出错误的地方。这在Chrome上不是什么大问题，因为它直接在控制台中为您提供了完整的堆栈跟踪。但在Firefox上问题就更多了。

重要提示:这个答案来自2016年，现在可能已经过时了。JavaScript总体上，特别是Node.js进步了很多，现在提供了更多的语法可能性来实现相同的结果。下面的内容是出于历史原因而保留的，只是为了以防有人正在处理遗留的Node.js版本。

最初的回答:

为了完整起见——因为之前的回答都没有提到这个方法——如果你正在使用Node.js，不必关心浏览器兼容性，那么使用内置的util模块继承(官方文档在这里)就很容易达到预期的效果。

例如，假设你想要创建一个自定义错误类，将错误代码作为第一个参数，错误消息作为第二个参数:

文件custom-error.js:

'use strict';

var util = require('util');

function CustomError(code, message) {
  Error.captureStackTrace(this, CustomError);
  this.name = CustomError.name;
  this.code = code;
  this.message = message;
}

util.inherits(CustomError, Error);

module.exports = CustomError;

现在你可以实例化并传递/抛出你的CustomError:

var CustomError = require('./path/to/custom-error');

// pass as the first argument to your callback
callback(new CustomError(404, 'Not found!'));

// or, if you are working with try/catch, throw it
throw new CustomError(500, 'Server Error!');

注意，对于这个代码片段，堆栈跟踪将具有正确的文件名和行，错误实例将具有正确的名称!

这是由于使用了captureStackTrace方法，该方法在目标对象上创建了一个堆栈属性(在本例中，实例化了CustomError)。有关它如何工作的更多细节，请查看这里的文档。

正确的方法是从构造函数返回apply的结果，以及以通常复杂的javascript方式设置原型:

function MyError() {
    var tmp = Error.apply(this, arguments);
    tmp.name = this.name = 'MyError'

    this.stack = tmp.stack
    this.message = tmp.message

    return this
}
    var IntermediateInheritor = function() {}
        IntermediateInheritor.prototype = Error.prototype;
    MyError.prototype = new IntermediateInheritor()

var myError = new MyError("message");
console.log("The message is: '"+myError.message+"'") // The message is: 'message'
console.log(myError instanceof Error)                // true
console.log(myError instanceof MyError)              // true
console.log(myError.toString())                      // MyError: message
console.log(myError.stack)                           // MyError: message \n 
                                                     // <stack trace ...>

在这一点上，这种方法唯一的问题(我已经重复了一点)是

除了stack和message之外的属性不包含在MyError和 堆栈跟踪有一个额外的行，这并不是真正必要的。

第一个问题可以通过使用以下回答中的技巧遍历所有不可枚举的error属性来解决:是否可能获得对象的不可枚举继承属性名?，但ie<9不支持。第二个问题可以通过在堆栈跟踪中删除这一行来解决，但我不确定如何安全地做到这一点(可能只是删除e.stack.toString()的第二行??)

除了标准的message属性，JavaScript现在支持将特定的错误原因作为可选参数添加到error构造函数中:

const error1 = new Error('Error one');
const error2 = new Error('Error two', { cause: error1 });
// error2.cause === error1

在节点v16.9.0中提供。 适用于Chrome, Firefox和Safari(见浏览器兼容性版本)

Mohsen has a great answer above in ES6 that sets the name, but if you're using TypeScript or if you're living in the future where hopefully this proposal for public and private class fields has moved past stage 3 as a proposal and made it into stage 4 as part of ECMAScript/JavaScript then you might want to know this is then just a little bit shorter. Stage 3 is where browsers start implementing features, so if your browser supports it the code below just might work. (Tested in the new Edge browser v81 it seems to work fine). Be warned though this is an unstable feature at the moment and should be used cautiously and you should always check browser support on unstable features. This post is mainly for those future dwellers when browsers might support this. To check support check MDN and Can I use. It's currently got 66% support across the browser market which is getting there but not that great so if you really want to use it now and don't want to wait either use a transpiler like Babel or something like TypeScript.

类EOFError扩展错误{ name = " EOFError " ｝ 抛出新的EOFError("Oops error ");

将此与一个无名错误进行比较，该错误在抛出时不会记录其名称。

类NamelessEOFError扩展错误{} 抛出新的NamelessEOFError("Oops error ");

在Mohsen的回答中指出，在ES6中可以使用类来扩展错误。这要容易得多，而且它们的行为与本机错误更一致……但不幸的是，如果你需要支持前es6版本的浏览器，在浏览器中使用它并不是一件简单的事情。下面是关于如何实施的一些注意事项，但与此同时，我建议一个相对简单的方法，它包含了其他答案中的一些最好的建议:

function CustomError(message) {
    //This is for future compatibility with the ES6 version, which
    //would display a similar message if invoked without the
    //`new` operator.
    if (!(this instanceof CustomError)) {
        throw new TypeError("Constructor 'CustomError' cannot be invoked without 'new'");
    }
    this.message = message;

    //Stack trace in V8
    if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
       Error.captureStackTrace(this, CustomError);
    }
    else this.stack = (new Error).stack;
}
CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
CustomError.prototype.name = 'CustomError';

在ES6中，这很简单:

class CustomError extends Error {}

...and you can detect support for ES6 classes with try {eval('class X{}'), but you'll get a syntax error if you attempt to include the ES6 version in a script that's loaded by older browsers. So the only way to support all browsers would be to load a separate script dynamically (e.g. via AJAX or eval()) for browsers that support ES6. A further complication is that eval() isn't supported in all environments (due to Content Security Policies), which may or may not be a consideration for your project.

所以现在，对于需要支持非es6浏览器的代码来说，无论是上述第一种方法，还是直接使用Error而不尝试扩展它，似乎都是最好的方法。

There is one other approach that some people might want to consider, which is to use Object.setPrototypeOf() where available to create an error object that's an instance of your custom error type but which looks and behaves more like a native error in the console (thanks to Ben's answer for the recommendation). Here's my take on that approach: https://gist.github.com/mbrowne/fe45db61cea7858d11be933a998926a8. But given that one day we'll be able to just use ES6, personally I'm not sure the complexity of that approach is worth it.