警告:GCC在使用-O2编译时会优化掉溢出检查。 选项-Wall会在某些情况下给你一个警告

if (a + b < a) { /* Deal with overflow */ }

但在这个例子中不是:

b = abs(a);
if (b < 0) { /* Deal with overflow */ }

唯一安全的方法是在溢出发生之前检查溢出，正如CERT论文中所描述的那样，系统地使用这种方法将非常繁琐。

使用-fwrapv编译可以解决这个问题，但会禁用一些优化。

我们迫切需要一个更好的解决方案。我认为编译器应该发出一个警告，默认情况下，优化依赖于溢出没有发生。目前的情况允许编译器优化掉溢出检查，这在我看来是不可接受的。

尝试这个宏来测试32位机器的溢出位(改编自Angel Sinigersky的解决方案)

#define overflowflag(isOverflow){   \
size_t eflags;                      \
asm ("pushfl ;"                     \
     "pop %%eax"                    \
    : "=a" (eflags));               \
isOverflow = (eflags >> 11) & 1;}

我将其定义为宏，因为否则溢出位将被覆盖。

下面是上面代码段的一个小应用程序:

#include <cstddef>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#if defined( _MSC_VER )
#include <intrin.h>
#include <oskit/x86>
#endif

using namespace std;

#define detectOverflow(isOverflow){     \
size_t eflags;                      \
asm ("pushfl ;"                     \
    "pop %%eax"                     \
    : "=a" (eflags));               \
isOverflow = (eflags >> 11) & 1;}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

    bool endTest = false;
    bool isOverflow;

    do {
        cout << "Enter two intergers" << endl;
        int x = 0;
        int y = 0;
        cin.clear();
        cin >> x >> y;
        int z = x * y;
        detectOverflow(isOverflow)
        printf("\nThe result is: %d", z);
        if (!isOverflow) {
            std::cout << ": no overflow occured\n" << std::endl;
        } else {
            std::cout << ": overflow occured\n" << std::endl;
        }

        z = x * x * y;
        detectOverflow(isOverflow)
        printf("\nThe result is: %d", z);
        if (!isOverflow) {
            std::cout << ": no overflow ocurred\n" << std::endl;
        } else {
            std::cout << ": overflow occured\n" << std::endl;
        }

        cout << "Do you want to stop? (Enter \"y\" or \"Y)" << endl;

        char c = 0;

        do {
            c = getchar();
        } while ((c == '\n') && (c != EOF));

        if (c == 'y' || c == 'Y') {
            endTest = true;
        }

        do {
            c = getchar();
        } while ((c != '\n') && (c != EOF));

    } while (!endTest);
}

I see that a lot of people answered the question about overflow, but I wanted to address his original problem. He said the problem was to find ab=c such that all digits are used without repeating. Ok, that's not what he asked in this post, but I'm still think that it was necessary to study the upper bound of the problem and conclude that he would never need to calculate or detect an overflow (note: I'm not proficient in math so I did this step by step, but the end result was so simple that this might have a simple formula).

重点是问题要求的a b c的上限是98.765.432。不管怎样，先把问题分成琐碎部分和非琐碎部分:

X0 == 1(9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2的所有排列都是解) X1 == x(无解) 0b == 0(不可能解) 1b == 1(无解) Ab, a > 1, b > 1(非平凡)

Now we just need to show that no other solution is possible and only the permutations are valid (and then the code to print them is trivial). We go back to the upper bound. Actually the upper bound is c ≤ 98.765.432. It's the upper bound because it's the largest number with 8 digits (10 digits total minus 1 for each a and b). This upper bound is only for c because the bounds for a and b must be much lower because of the exponential growth, as we can calculate, varying b from 2 to the upper bound:

    9938.08^2 == 98765432
    462.241^3 == 98765432
    99.6899^4 == 98765432
    39.7119^5 == 98765432
    21.4998^6 == 98765432
    13.8703^7 == 98765432
    9.98448^8 == 98765432
    7.73196^9 == 98765432
    6.30174^10 == 98765432
    5.33068^11 == 98765432
    4.63679^12 == 98765432
    4.12069^13 == 98765432
    3.72429^14 == 98765432
    3.41172^15 == 98765432
    3.15982^16 == 98765432
    2.95305^17 == 98765432
    2.78064^18 == 98765432
    2.63493^19 == 98765432
    2.51033^20 == 98765432
    2.40268^21 == 98765432
    2.30883^22 == 98765432
    2.22634^23 == 98765432
    2.15332^24 == 98765432
    2.08826^25 == 98765432
    2.02995^26 == 98765432
    1.97741^27 == 98765432

注意，例如最后一行:它说1.97^27 ~98M。因此，例如，1^27 == 1和2^27 == 134.217.728，这不是一个解决方案，因为它有9位数字(2 > 1.97，所以它实际上比应该测试的要大)。可以看到，用于测试a和b的组合非常小。对于b == 14，我们需要尝试2和3。对于b == 3，我们从2开始，到462结束。结果均小于~98M。

现在只需测试以上所有的组合，找出不重复任何数字的组合:

    ['0', '2', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8'] 84^2 = 7056
    ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '8', '9'] 59^2 = 3481
    ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '8', '9'] 59^2 = 3481 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '3', '5', '8'] 8^3 = 512
    ['0', '1', '2', '3', '5', '8'] 8^3 = 512 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '4', '6'] 4^2 = 16
    ['0', '1', '2', '4', '6'] 4^2 = 16 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '4', '6'] 2^4 = 16
    ['0', '1', '2', '4', '6'] 2^4 = 16 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '8', '9'] 9^2 = 81
    ['0', '1', '2', '8', '9'] 9^2 = 81 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '3', '4', '8'] 3^4 = 81
    ['0', '1', '3', '4', '8'] 3^4 = 81 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '3', '6', '7', '9'] 3^6 = 729
    ['0', '2', '3', '6', '7', '9'] 3^6 = 729 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '3', '8'] 2^3 = 8
    ['0', '2', '3', '8'] 2^3 = 8 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '3', '9'] 3^2 = 9
    ['0', '2', '3', '9'] 3^2 = 9 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '4', '6', '8'] 8^2 = 64
    ['0', '2', '4', '6', '8'] 8^2 = 64 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '4', '7', '9'] 7^2 = 49
    ['0', '2', '4', '7', '9'] 7^2 = 49 (+leading zero)

没有一个匹配问题(这也可以通过缺少'0'，'1'，…“9”)。

下面是解决该问题的示例代码。还要注意，这是用Python编写的，不是因为它需要任意精确整数(代码不会计算任何大于9800万的数字)，而是因为我们发现测试的数量非常少，所以我们应该使用高级语言来利用其内置的容器和库(还要注意:代码有28行)。

    import math

    m = 98765432
    l = []
    for i in xrange(2, 98765432):
        inv = 1.0/i
        r = m**inv
        if (r < 2.0): break
        top = int(math.floor(r))
        assert(top <= m)

        for j in xrange(2, top+1):
            s = str(i) + str(j) + str(j**i)
            l.append((sorted(s), i, j, j**i))
            assert(j**i <= m)

    l.sort()
    for s, i, j, ji in l:
        assert(ji <= m)
        ss = sorted(set(s))
        if s == ss:
            print '%s %d^%d = %d' % (s, i, j, ji)

        # Try with non significant zero somewhere
        s = ['0'] + s
        ss = sorted(set(s))
        if s == ss:
            print '%s %d^%d = %d (+leading zero)' % (s, i, j, ji)

mozilla::CheckedInt<T>为整数类型T提供溢出检查的整数数学(使用clang和gcc上可用的编译器intrinsic)。该代码是在MPL 2.0下编写的，并且依赖于三个(integertypetrait .h, Attributes.h和Compiler.h)其他仅针对标头的非标准库标头以及mozilla特定的断言机制。如果导入代码，可能需要替换断言机制。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define MAX 100 

int mltovf(int a, int b)
{
    if (a && b) return abs(a) > MAX/abs(b);
    else return 0;
}

main()
{
    int a, b;

    for (a = 0; a <= MAX; a++)
        for (b = 0; b < MAX; b++) {

        if (mltovf(a, b) != (a*b > MAX)) 
            printf("Bad calculation: a: %d b: %d\n", a, b);

    }
}

一种简单的方法是重写所有操作符(特别是+和*)，并在执行操作之前检查是否有溢出。