Python>=3.10

哇，Python 3.10+现在有一个match/case语法，类似于switch/case等等！

PEP 634——结构模式匹配

匹配/案例的选定特征

1-匹配值：

匹配值类似于另一种语言中的简单开关/大小写：

match something:
    case 1 | 2 | 3:
        # Match 1-3.
    case _:
        # Anything else.
        # 
        # Match will throw an error if this is omitted 
        # and it doesn't match any of the other patterns.

2-匹配结构模式：

match something:
    case str() | bytes():  
        # Match a string like object.
    case [str(), int()]:
        # Match a `str` and an `int` sequence 
        # (`list` or a `tuple` but not a `set` or an iterator). 
    case [_, _]:
        # Match a sequence of 2 variables.
        # To prevent a common mistake, sequence patterns don’t match strings.
    case {"bandwidth": 100, "latency": 300}:
        # Match this dict. Extra keys are ignored.

3-捕获变量

解析对象；将其保存为变量：

match something:
    case [name, count]
        # Match a sequence of any two objects and parse them into the two variables.
    case [x, y, *rest]:
        # Match a sequence of two or more objects, 
        # binding object #3 and on into the rest variable.
    case bytes() | str() as text:
        # Match any string like object and save it to the text variable.

捕获变量在解析数据（如JSON或HTML）时非常有用，这些数据可能以多种不同的模式之一出现。

捕获变量是一项功能。但这也意味着您只需要使用虚线常量（例如：COLOR.RED）。否则，常量将被视为捕获变量并被覆盖。

更多示例用法：

match something:
    case 0 | 1 | 2:
        # Matches 0, 1 or 2 (value).
        print("Small number")
    case [] | [_]:
        # Matches an empty or single value sequence (structure).
        # Matches lists and tuples but not sets.
        print("A short sequence")
    case str() | bytes():
        # Something of `str` or `bytes` type (data type).
        print("Something string-like")
    case _:
        # Anything not matched by the above.
        print("Something else")

Python<=3.9

我最喜欢的switch/case Python配方是：

choices = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
result = choices.get(key, 'default')

简单场景的简短和简单。

比较11行以上的C代码：

// C Language version of a simple 'switch/case'.
switch( key ) 
{
    case 'a' :
        result = 1;
        break;
    case 'b' :
        result = 2;
        break;
    default :
        result = -1;
}

您甚至可以通过使用元组来分配多个变量：

choices = {'a': (1, 2, 3), 'b': (4, 5, 6)}
(result1, result2, result3) = choices.get(key, ('default1', 'default2', 'default3'))

还可以使用列表存储案例，并通过select调用相应的函数-

cases = ['zero()', 'one()', 'two()', 'three()']

def zero():
  print "method for 0 called..."
def one():
  print "method for 1 called..."
def two():
  print "method for 2 called..."
def three():
  print "method for 3 called..."

i = int(raw_input("Enter choice between 0-3 "))

if(i<=len(cases)):
  exec(cases[i])
else:
  print "wrong choice"

也在螺丝台上进行了解释。

class switch(object):
    value = None
    def __new__(class_, value):
        class_.value = value
        return True

def case(*args):
    return any((arg == switch.value for arg in args))

用法：

while switch(n):
    if case(0):
        print "You typed zero."
        break
    if case(1, 4, 9):
        print "n is a perfect square."
        break
    if case(2):
        print "n is an even number."
    if case(2, 3, 5, 7):
        print "n is a prime number."
        break
    if case(6, 8):
        print "n is an even number."
        break
    print "Only single-digit numbers are allowed."
    break

测验：

n = 2
#Result:
#n is an even number.
#n is a prime number.
n = 11
#Result:
#Only single-digit numbers are allowed.

还有另一种选择：

def fnc_MonthSwitch(int_Month): #### Define a function take in the month variable 
    str_Return ="Not Found"     #### Set Default Value 
    if int_Month==1:       str_Return = "Jan"   
    if int_Month==2:       str_Return = "Feb"   
    if int_Month==3:       str_Return = "Mar"   
    return str_Return;          #### Return the month found  
print ("Month Test 3:  " + fnc_MonthSwitch( 3) )
print ("Month Test 14: " + fnc_MonthSwitch(14) )

虽然已经有了足够的答案，但我想指出一个更简单、更强大的解决方案：

class Switch:
    def __init__(self, switches):
        self.switches = switches
        self.between = len(switches[0]) == 3

    def __call__(self, x):
        for line in self.switches:
            if self.between:
                if line[0] <= x < line[1]:
                    return line[2]
            else:
                if line[0] == x:
                    return line[1]
        return None


if __name__ == '__main__':
    between_table = [
        (1, 4, 'between 1 and 4'),
        (4, 8, 'between 4 and 8')
    ]

    switch_between = Switch(between_table)

    print('Switch Between:')
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_between(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_between(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))


    equals_table = [
        (1, 'One'),
        (2, 'Two'),
        (4, 'Four'),
        (5, 'Five'),
        (7, 'Seven'),
        (8, 'Eight')
    ]
    print('Switch Equals:')
    switch_equals = Switch(equals_table)
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_equals(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_equals(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))

输出：

Switch Between:
No match for 0
1 is between 1 and 4
2 is between 1 and 4
3 is between 1 and 4
4 is between 4 and 8
5 is between 4 and 8
6 is between 4 and 8
7 is between 4 and 8
No match for 8
No match for 9

Switch Equals:
No match for 0
1 is One
2 is Two
No match for 3
4 is Four
5 is Five
No match for 6
7 is Seven
8 is Eight
No match for 9

我认为最好的方法是使用Python语言的习惯用法来保持代码的可测试性。如前面的回答所示，我使用字典来利用python结构和语言，并以不同的方法隔离“case”代码。下面是一个类，但您可以直接使用模块、全局变量和函数。该类具有可以隔离测试的方法。

根据您的需要，您也可以使用静态方法和属性。

class ChoiceManager:

    def __init__(self):
        self.__choice_table = \
        {
            "CHOICE1" : self.my_func1,
            "CHOICE2" : self.my_func2,
        }

    def my_func1(self, data):
        pass

    def my_func2(self, data):
        pass

    def process(self, case, data):
        return self.__choice_table[case](data)

ChoiceManager().process("CHOICE1", my_data)

也可以使用类作为“__choice_table”的键来利用此方法。通过这种方式，您可以避免信息滥用，并保持所有信息的清洁和可测试性。

假设您必须处理来自网络或MQ的大量消息或数据包。每个数据包都有自己的结构和管理代码（以通用方式）。

使用以上代码，可以执行以下操作：

class PacketManager:

    def __init__(self):
        self.__choice_table = \
        {
            ControlMessage : self.my_func1,
            DiagnosticMessage : self.my_func2,
        }

    def my_func1(self, data):
        # process the control message here
        pass

    def my_func2(self, data):
        # process the diagnostic message here
        pass

    def process(self, pkt):
        return self.__choice_table[pkt.__class__](pkt)

pkt = GetMyPacketFromNet()
PacketManager().process(pkt)


# isolated test or isolated usage example
def test_control_packet():
    p = ControlMessage()
    PacketManager().my_func1(p)

因此，复杂性不会在代码流中扩散，而是在代码结构中呈现。