虽然已经有了足够的答案，但我想指出一个更简单、更强大的解决方案：

class Switch:
    def __init__(self, switches):
        self.switches = switches
        self.between = len(switches[0]) == 3

    def __call__(self, x):
        for line in self.switches:
            if self.between:
                if line[0] <= x < line[1]:
                    return line[2]
            else:
                if line[0] == x:
                    return line[1]
        return None


if __name__ == '__main__':
    between_table = [
        (1, 4, 'between 1 and 4'),
        (4, 8, 'between 4 and 8')
    ]

    switch_between = Switch(between_table)

    print('Switch Between:')
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_between(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_between(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))


    equals_table = [
        (1, 'One'),
        (2, 'Two'),
        (4, 'Four'),
        (5, 'Five'),
        (7, 'Seven'),
        (8, 'Eight')
    ]
    print('Switch Equals:')
    switch_equals = Switch(equals_table)
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_equals(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_equals(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))

输出：

Switch Between:
No match for 0
1 is between 1 and 4
2 is between 1 and 4
3 is between 1 and 4
4 is between 4 and 8
5 is between 4 and 8
6 is between 4 and 8
7 is between 4 and 8
No match for 8
No match for 9

Switch Equals:
No match for 0
1 is One
2 is Two
No match for 3
4 is Four
5 is Five
No match for 6
7 is Seven
8 is Eight
No match for 9

Python>=3.10

哇，Python 3.10+现在有一个match/case语法，类似于switch/case等等！

PEP 634——结构模式匹配

匹配/案例的选定特征

1-匹配值：

匹配值类似于另一种语言中的简单开关/大小写：

match something:
    case 1 | 2 | 3:
        # Match 1-3.
    case _:
        # Anything else.
        # 
        # Match will throw an error if this is omitted 
        # and it doesn't match any of the other patterns.

2-匹配结构模式：

match something:
    case str() | bytes():  
        # Match a string like object.
    case [str(), int()]:
        # Match a `str` and an `int` sequence 
        # (`list` or a `tuple` but not a `set` or an iterator). 
    case [_, _]:
        # Match a sequence of 2 variables.
        # To prevent a common mistake, sequence patterns don’t match strings.
    case {"bandwidth": 100, "latency": 300}:
        # Match this dict. Extra keys are ignored.

3-捕获变量

解析对象；将其保存为变量：

match something:
    case [name, count]
        # Match a sequence of any two objects and parse them into the two variables.
    case [x, y, *rest]:
        # Match a sequence of two or more objects, 
        # binding object #3 and on into the rest variable.
    case bytes() | str() as text:
        # Match any string like object and save it to the text variable.

捕获变量在解析数据（如JSON或HTML）时非常有用，这些数据可能以多种不同的模式之一出现。

捕获变量是一项功能。但这也意味着您只需要使用虚线常量（例如：COLOR.RED）。否则，常量将被视为捕获变量并被覆盖。

更多示例用法：

match something:
    case 0 | 1 | 2:
        # Matches 0, 1 or 2 (value).
        print("Small number")
    case [] | [_]:
        # Matches an empty or single value sequence (structure).
        # Matches lists and tuples but not sets.
        print("A short sequence")
    case str() | bytes():
        # Something of `str` or `bytes` type (data type).
        print("Something string-like")
    case _:
        # Anything not matched by the above.
        print("Something else")

Python<=3.9

我最喜欢的switch/case Python配方是：

choices = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
result = choices.get(key, 'default')

简单场景的简短和简单。

比较11行以上的C代码：

// C Language version of a simple 'switch/case'.
switch( key ) 
{
    case 'a' :
        result = 1;
        break;
    case 'b' :
        result = 2;
        break;
    default :
        result = -1;
}

您甚至可以通过使用元组来分配多个变量：

choices = {'a': (1, 2, 3), 'b': (4, 5, 6)}
(result1, result2, result3) = choices.get(key, ('default1', 'default2', 'default3'))

# simple case alternative

some_value = 5.0

# this while loop block simulates a case block

# case
while True:

    # case 1
    if some_value > 5:
        print ('Greater than five')
        break

    # case 2
    if some_value == 5:
        print ('Equal to five')
        break

    # else case 3
    print ( 'Must be less than 5')
    break

定义：

def switch1(value, options):
  if value in options:
    options[value]()

允许您使用相当简单的语法，并将案例绑定到映射中：

def sample1(x):
  local = 'betty'
  switch1(x, {
    'a': lambda: print("hello"),
    'b': lambda: (
      print("goodbye," + local),
      print("!")),
    })

我一直试图用一种能让我摆脱“lambda:”的方式重新定义开关，但我放弃了。调整定义：

def switch(value, *maps):
  options = {}
  for m in maps:
    options.update(m)
  if value in options:
    options[value]()
  elif None in options:
    options[None]()

允许我将多个案例映射到同一代码，并提供默认选项：

def sample(x):
  switch(x, {
    _: lambda: print("other") 
    for _ in 'cdef'
    }, {
    'a': lambda: print("hello"),
    'b': lambda: (
      print("goodbye,"),
      print("!")),
    None: lambda: print("I dunno")
    })

每个复制的案例都必须在自己的字典中；switch（）在查找值之前合并字典。它仍然比我想象的更丑，但它的基本效率是对表达式使用散列查找，而不是循环所有键。

我倾向于使用字典的解决方案是：

def decision_time( key, *args, **kwargs):
    def action1()
        """This function is a closure - and has access to all the arguments"""
        pass
    def action2()
        """This function is a closure - and has access to all the arguments"""
        pass
    def action3()
        """This function is a closure - and has access to all the arguments"""
        pass

   return {1:action1, 2:action2, 3:action3}.get(key,default)()

这样做的优点是它不需要每次都对函数求值，您只需确保外部函数获得内部函数所需的所有信息。

def f(x):
     return 1 if x == 'a' else\
            2 if x in 'bcd' else\
            0 #default

简短易读，具有默认值，支持条件和返回值中的表达式。

然而，它的效率不如字典解决方案。例如，Python必须在返回默认值之前扫描所有条件。