为了可视化，拿你的键盘的numpad。如果键“5”代表你的矩形，那么所有的键1-9代表空间的9个象限除以构成矩形的线(5是里面的线)。

1)如果圆的中心在象限5(即在矩形内)，则两个形状相交。

这里有两种可能的情况: a)圆与矩形的两条或多条相邻边相交。 b)圆与矩形的一条边相交。

第一种情况很简单。如果圆与矩形的两条相邻边相交，则它必须包含连接这两条边的角。(或者说它的中心在象限5，我们已经讲过了。还要注意，圆只与矩形的两条相对边相交的情况也被覆盖了。)

2)如果矩形的任意角A、B、C、D在圆内，则这两个形状相交。

第二种情况比较棘手。我们应该注意到，只有当圆的中心位于2、4、6或8象限中的一个象限时，才会发生这种情况。(事实上，如果中心在1、3、7、8象限中的任何一个象限上，则相应的角将是离它最近的点。)

现在我们有了圆的中心在一个“边”象限内的情况，它只与相应的边相交。那么，边缘上最接近圆中心的点必须在圆内。

3)对于每条直线AB, BC, CD, DA，构造经过圆中心p的垂直线p(AB, p)， p(BC, p)， p(CD, p)， p(DA, p)，对于每条垂直线，如果与原边的交点在圆内，则两个图形相交。

最后一步有一个捷径。如果圆的圆心在象限8，边AB是上边，交点的y坐标是A和B, x坐标是P。

你可以构造四条线的交点并检查它们是否在相应的边上，或者找出P在哪个象限并检查相应的交点。两者都应该化简为相同的布尔方程。要注意的是，上面的步骤2并没有排除P位于“角落”象限之一;它只是在寻找一个十字路口。

编辑:事实证明，我忽略了一个简单的事实，即#2是#3的子情况。毕竟，角也是边缘上的点。请看下面@ShreevatsaR的回答，你会得到很好的解释。与此同时，忘记上面的第二条，除非你想要一个快速但冗余的检查。

下面是我的C代码，用于解决球体和非轴对齐的盒子之间的碰撞。它依赖于我自己的几个库例程，但它可能对某些人有用。我在游戏中使用了它，效果非常好。

float physicsProcessCollisionBetweenSelfAndActorRect(SPhysics *self, SPhysics *actor)
{
    float diff = 99999;

    SVector relative_position_of_circle = getDifference2DBetweenVectors(&self->worldPosition, &actor->worldPosition);
    rotateVector2DBy(&relative_position_of_circle, -actor->axis.angleZ); // This aligns the coord system so the rect becomes an AABB

    float x_clamped_within_rectangle = relative_position_of_circle.x;
    float y_clamped_within_rectangle = relative_position_of_circle.y;
    LIMIT(x_clamped_within_rectangle, actor->physicsRect.l, actor->physicsRect.r);
    LIMIT(y_clamped_within_rectangle, actor->physicsRect.b, actor->physicsRect.t);

    // Calculate the distance between the circle's center and this closest point
    float distance_to_nearest_edge_x = relative_position_of_circle.x - x_clamped_within_rectangle;
    float distance_to_nearest_edge_y = relative_position_of_circle.y - y_clamped_within_rectangle;

    // If the distance is less than the circle's radius, an intersection occurs
    float distance_sq_x = SQUARE(distance_to_nearest_edge_x);
    float distance_sq_y = SQUARE(distance_to_nearest_edge_y);
    float radius_sq = SQUARE(self->physicsRadius);
    if(distance_sq_x + distance_sq_y < radius_sq)   
    {
        float half_rect_w = (actor->physicsRect.r - actor->physicsRect.l) * 0.5f;
        float half_rect_h = (actor->physicsRect.t - actor->physicsRect.b) * 0.5f;

        CREATE_VECTOR(push_vector);         

        // If we're at one of the corners of this object, treat this as a circular/circular collision
        if(fabs(relative_position_of_circle.x) > half_rect_w && fabs(relative_position_of_circle.y) > half_rect_h)
        {
            SVector edges;
            if(relative_position_of_circle.x > 0) edges.x = half_rect_w; else edges.x = -half_rect_w;
            if(relative_position_of_circle.y > 0) edges.y = half_rect_h; else edges.y = -half_rect_h;   

            push_vector = relative_position_of_circle;
            moveVectorByInverseVector2D(&push_vector, &edges);

            // We now have the vector from the corner of the rect to the point.
            float delta_length = getVector2DMagnitude(&push_vector);
            float diff = self->physicsRadius - delta_length; // Find out how far away we are from our ideal distance

            // Normalise the vector
            push_vector.x /= delta_length;
            push_vector.y /= delta_length;
            scaleVector2DBy(&push_vector, diff); // Now multiply it by the difference
            push_vector.z = 0;
        }
        else // Nope - just bouncing against one of the edges
        {
            if(relative_position_of_circle.x > 0) // Ball is to the right
                push_vector.x = (half_rect_w + self->physicsRadius) - relative_position_of_circle.x;
            else
                push_vector.x = -((half_rect_w + self->physicsRadius) + relative_position_of_circle.x);

            if(relative_position_of_circle.y > 0) // Ball is above
                push_vector.y = (half_rect_h + self->physicsRadius) - relative_position_of_circle.y;
            else
                push_vector.y = -((half_rect_h + self->physicsRadius) + relative_position_of_circle.y);

            if(fabs(push_vector.x) < fabs(push_vector.y))
                push_vector.y = 0;
            else
                push_vector.x = 0;
        }

        diff = 0; // Cheat, since we don't do anything with the value anyway
        rotateVector2DBy(&push_vector, actor->axis.angleZ);
        SVector *from = &self->worldPosition;       
        moveVectorBy2D(from, push_vector.x, push_vector.y);
    }   
    return diff;
}

圆与矩形相交只有两种情况:

圆的中心在矩形的内部，或者 矩形的一条边在圆上有一个点。

注意，这并不要求矩形与轴平行。

(一种方法是:如果没有一条边在圆中有点(如果所有的边都完全“在”圆外)，那么圆仍然可以与多边形相交的唯一方法是它完全位于多边形内部。)

有了这样的见解，就可以像下面这样工作，其中圆的中心是P，半径是R，矩形的顶点是A, B, C, D(不完整的代码):

def intersect(Circle(P, R), Rectangle(A, B, C, D)):
    S = Circle(P, R)
    return (pointInRectangle(P, Rectangle(A, B, C, D)) or
            intersectCircle(S, (A, B)) or
            intersectCircle(S, (B, C)) or
            intersectCircle(S, (C, D)) or
            intersectCircle(S, (D, A)))

如果你在写任何几何，你的库中可能已经有了上面的函数。否则，pointInRectangle()可以用几种方式实现;任何一般的多边形点方法都可以工作，但对于矩形，你可以检查这是否有效:

0 ≤ AP·AB ≤ AB·AB and 0 ≤ AP·AD ≤ AD·AD

intersectCircle()也很容易实现:一种方法是检查从P到直线的垂线的脚是否足够近并且在端点之间，否则检查端点。

最酷的是，同样的想法不仅适用于矩形，而且适用于一个圆与任何简单多边形的交点——甚至不必是凸多边形!

下面是修改后的代码100%工作:

public static bool IsIntersected(PointF circle, float radius, RectangleF rectangle)
{
    var rectangleCenter = new PointF((rectangle.X +  rectangle.Width / 2),
                                     (rectangle.Y + rectangle.Height / 2));

    var w = rectangle.Width  / 2;
    var h = rectangle.Height / 2;

    var dx = Math.Abs(circle.X - rectangleCenter.X);
    var dy = Math.Abs(circle.Y - rectangleCenter.Y);

    if (dx > (radius + w) || dy > (radius + h)) return false;

    var circleDistance = new PointF
                             {
                                 X = Math.Abs(circle.X - rectangle.X - w),
                                 Y = Math.Abs(circle.Y - rectangle.Y - h)
                             };

    if (circleDistance.X <= (w))
    {
        return true;
    }

    if (circleDistance.Y <= (h))
    {
        return true;
    }

    var cornerDistanceSq = Math.Pow(circleDistance.X - w, 2) + 
                                    Math.Pow(circleDistance.Y - h, 2);

    return (cornerDistanceSq <= (Math.Pow(radius, 2)));
}

Bassam Alugili

对于那些需要用SQL在地理坐标中计算圆/矩形碰撞的人， 这是我在oracle 11中实现的e.James建议算法。

在输入中，它需要圆坐标，圆半径km和矩形的两个顶点坐标:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "DETECT_CIRC_RECT_COLLISION"
(
    circleCenterLat     IN NUMBER,      -- circle Center Latitude
    circleCenterLon     IN NUMBER,      -- circle Center Longitude
    circleRadius        IN NUMBER,      -- circle Radius in KM
    rectSWLat           IN NUMBER,      -- rectangle South West Latitude
    rectSWLon           IN NUMBER,      -- rectangle South West Longitude
    rectNELat           IN NUMBER,      -- rectangle North Est Latitude
    rectNELon           IN NUMBER       -- rectangle North Est Longitude
)
RETURN NUMBER
AS
    -- converts km to degrees (use 69 if miles)
    kmToDegreeConst     NUMBER := 111.045;

    -- Remaining rectangle vertices 
    rectNWLat   NUMBER;
    rectNWLon   NUMBER;
    rectSELat   NUMBER;
    rectSELon   NUMBER;

    rectHeight  NUMBER;
    rectWIdth   NUMBER;

    circleDistanceLat   NUMBER;
    circleDistanceLon   NUMBER;
    cornerDistanceSQ    NUMBER;

BEGIN
    -- Initialization of remaining rectangle vertices  
    rectNWLat := rectNELat;
    rectNWLon := rectSWLon;
    rectSELat := rectSWLat;
    rectSELon := rectNELon;

    -- Rectangle sides length calculation
    rectHeight := calc_distance(rectSWLat, rectSWLon, rectNWLat, rectNWLon);
    rectWidth := calc_distance(rectSWLat, rectSWLon, rectSELat, rectSELon);

    circleDistanceLat := abs( (circleCenterLat * kmToDegreeConst) - ((rectSWLat * kmToDegreeConst) + (rectHeight/2)) );
    circleDistanceLon := abs( (circleCenterLon * kmToDegreeConst) - ((rectSWLon * kmToDegreeConst) + (rectWidth/2)) );

    IF circleDistanceLon > ((rectWidth/2) + circleRadius) THEN
        RETURN -1;   --  -1 => NO Collision ; 0 => Collision Detected
    END IF;

    IF circleDistanceLat > ((rectHeight/2) + circleRadius) THEN
        RETURN -1;   --  -1 => NO Collision ; 0 => Collision Detected
    END IF;

    IF circleDistanceLon <= (rectWidth/2) THEN
        RETURN 0;   --  -1 => NO Collision ; 0 => Collision Detected
    END IF;

    IF circleDistanceLat <= (rectHeight/2) THEN
        RETURN 0;   --  -1 => NO Collision ; 0 => Collision Detected
    END IF;


    cornerDistanceSQ := POWER(circleDistanceLon - (rectWidth/2), 2) + POWER(circleDistanceLat - (rectHeight/2), 2);

    IF cornerDistanceSQ <=  POWER(circleRadius, 2) THEN
        RETURN 0;  --  -1 => NO Collision ; 0 => Collision Detected
    ELSE
        RETURN -1;  --  -1 => NO Collision ; 0 => Collision Detected
    END IF;

    RETURN -1;  --  -1 => NO Collision ; 0 => Collision Detected
END;    

这里有另一个解决方案，实现起来非常简单(也非常快)。它将捕获所有的交点，包括当球体完全进入矩形时。

// clamp(value, min, max) - limits value to the range min..max

// Find the closest point to the circle within the rectangle
float closestX = clamp(circle.X, rectangle.Left, rectangle.Right);
float closestY = clamp(circle.Y, rectangle.Top, rectangle.Bottom);

// Calculate the distance between the circle's center and this closest point
float distanceX = circle.X - closestX;
float distanceY = circle.Y - closestY;

// If the distance is less than the circle's radius, an intersection occurs
float distanceSquared = (distanceX * distanceX) + (distanceY * distanceY);
return distanceSquared < (circle.Radius * circle.Radius);

任何像样的数学库都可以将其缩短为3或4行。