c++标准库几乎完全有这个函数调用nth_element，尽管它确实会修改数据。它有线性运行时间，O(N)，它也做部分排序。

const int N = ...;
double a[N];
// ... 
const int m = ...; // m < N
nth_element (a, a + m, a + N);
// a[m] contains the mth element in a

虽然不是很确定O(n)复杂度，但肯定在O(n)和nLog(n)之间。也肯定更接近于O(n)而不是nLog(n)函数是用Java编写的

public int quickSelect(ArrayList<Integer>list, int nthSmallest){
    //Choose random number in range of 0 to array length
    Random random =  new Random();
    //This will give random number which is not greater than length - 1
    int pivotIndex = random.nextInt(list.size() - 1); 

    int pivot = list.get(pivotIndex);

    ArrayList<Integer> smallerNumberList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
    ArrayList<Integer> greaterNumberList = new ArrayList<Integer>();

    //Split list into two. 
    //Value smaller than pivot should go to smallerNumberList
    //Value greater than pivot should go to greaterNumberList
    //Do nothing for value which is equal to pivot
    for(int i=0; i<list.size(); i++){
        if(list.get(i)<pivot){
            smallerNumberList.add(list.get(i));
        }
        else if(list.get(i)>pivot){
            greaterNumberList.add(list.get(i));
        }
        else{
            //Do nothing
        }
    }

    //If smallerNumberList size is greater than nthSmallest value, nthSmallest number must be in this list 
    if(nthSmallest < smallerNumberList.size()){
        return quickSelect(smallerNumberList, nthSmallest);
    }
    //If nthSmallest is greater than [ list.size() - greaterNumberList.size() ], nthSmallest number must be in this list
    //The step is bit tricky. If confusing, please see the above loop once again for clarification.
    else if(nthSmallest > (list.size() - greaterNumberList.size())){
        //nthSmallest will have to be changed here. [ list.size() - greaterNumberList.size() ] elements are already in 
        //smallerNumberList
        nthSmallest = nthSmallest - (list.size() - greaterNumberList.size());
        return quickSelect(greaterNumberList,nthSmallest);
    }
    else{
        return pivot;
    }
}

遍历列表。如果当前值大于存储的最大值，则将其存储为最大值，并将1-4向下碰撞，5从列表中删除。如果不是，将它与第2条进行比较，然后做同样的事情。重复，检查所有5个存储值。应该是O(n)

在那个('第k大元素数组')上快速谷歌返回这个:http://discuss.joelonsoftware.com/default.asp?interview.11.509587.17

"Make one pass through tracking the three largest values so far." 

(它是专门为3d最大)

这个答案是:

Build a heap/priority queue.  O(n)
Pop top element.  O(log n)
Pop top element.  O(log n)
Pop top element.  O(log n)

Total = O(n) + 3 O(log n) = O(n)

我想提出一个答案

如果我们取前k个元素并将它们排序成一个k个值的链表

对于每一个其他的值，即使在最坏的情况下如果我们对剩下的n-k个值进行插入排序即使在最坏的情况下，比较的数量也将是k*(n-k)对于前k个要排序的值让它是k*(k-1)所以结果是(nk-k)也就是o(n)

干杯

首先，我们可以从未排序的数组中构建一个BST，它需要O(n)时间，从BST中我们可以找到O(log(n))中第k个最小的元素，它的总计数为O(n)。