A Programmer's Companion to Algorithm Analysis给出了一个O(n)的版本，尽管作者指出常数因子如此之高，您可能更喜欢简单的排序-列表-然后选择方法。

我已经回答了你的问题:)

c++标准库几乎完全有这个函数调用nth_element，尽管它确实会修改数据。它有线性运行时间，O(N)，它也做部分排序。

const int N = ...;
double a[N];
// ... 
const int m = ...; // m < N
nth_element (a, a + m, a + N);
// a[m] contains the mth element in a

你确实喜欢快速排序。随机选择一个元素，然后将所有元素推高或推低。此时，您将知道您实际选择了哪个元素，如果它是第k个元素，您就完成了，否则您将重复bin(更高或更低)，第k个元素将落在其中。从统计学上讲，找到第k个元素所需的时间随着n, O(n)而增加。

下面是eladv建议的算法的实现(我也把随机pivot的实现放在这里):

public class Median {

    public static void main(String[] s) {

        int[] test = {4,18,20,3,7,13,5,8,2,1,15,17,25,30,16};
        System.out.println(selectK(test,8));

        /*
        int n = 100000000;
        int[] test = new int[n];
        for(int i=0; i<test.length; i++)
            test[i] = (int)(Math.random()*test.length);

        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        random_selectK(test, test.length/2);
        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println(end - start);
        */
    }

    public static int random_selectK(int[] a, int k) {
        if(a.length <= 1)
            return a[0];

        int r = (int)(Math.random() * a.length);
        int p = a[r];

        int small = 0, equal = 0, big = 0;
        for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++) {
            if(a[i] < p) small++;
            else if(a[i] == p) equal++;
            else if(a[i] > p) big++;
        }

        if(k <= small) {
            int[] temp = new int[small];
            for(int i=0, j=0; i<a.length; i++)
                if(a[i] < p)
                    temp[j++] = a[i];
            return random_selectK(temp, k);
        }

        else if (k <= small+equal)
            return p;

        else {
            int[] temp = new int[big];
            for(int i=0, j=0; i<a.length; i++)
                if(a[i] > p)
                    temp[j++] = a[i];
            return random_selectK(temp,k-small-equal);
        }
    }

    public static int selectK(int[] a, int k) {
        if(a.length <= 5) {
            Arrays.sort(a);
            return a[k-1];
        }

        int p = median_of_medians(a);

        int small = 0, equal = 0, big = 0;
        for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++) {
            if(a[i] < p) small++;
            else if(a[i] == p) equal++;
            else if(a[i] > p) big++;
        }

        if(k <= small) {
            int[] temp = new int[small];
            for(int i=0, j=0; i<a.length; i++)
                if(a[i] < p)
                    temp[j++] = a[i];
            return selectK(temp, k);
        }

        else if (k <= small+equal)
            return p;

        else {
            int[] temp = new int[big];
            for(int i=0, j=0; i<a.length; i++)
                if(a[i] > p)
                    temp[j++] = a[i];
            return selectK(temp,k-small-equal);
        }
    }

    private static int median_of_medians(int[] a) {
        int[] b = new int[a.length/5];
        int[] temp = new int[5];
        for(int i=0; i<b.length; i++) {
            for(int j=0; j<5; j++)
                temp[j] = a[5*i + j];
            Arrays.sort(temp);
            b[i] = temp[2];
        }

        return selectK(b, b.length/2 + 1);
    }
}

虽然不是很确定O(n)复杂度，但肯定在O(n)和nLog(n)之间。也肯定更接近于O(n)而不是nLog(n)函数是用Java编写的

public int quickSelect(ArrayList<Integer>list, int nthSmallest){
    //Choose random number in range of 0 to array length
    Random random =  new Random();
    //This will give random number which is not greater than length - 1
    int pivotIndex = random.nextInt(list.size() - 1); 

    int pivot = list.get(pivotIndex);

    ArrayList<Integer> smallerNumberList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
    ArrayList<Integer> greaterNumberList = new ArrayList<Integer>();

    //Split list into two. 
    //Value smaller than pivot should go to smallerNumberList
    //Value greater than pivot should go to greaterNumberList
    //Do nothing for value which is equal to pivot
    for(int i=0; i<list.size(); i++){
        if(list.get(i)<pivot){
            smallerNumberList.add(list.get(i));
        }
        else if(list.get(i)>pivot){
            greaterNumberList.add(list.get(i));
        }
        else{
            //Do nothing
        }
    }

    //If smallerNumberList size is greater than nthSmallest value, nthSmallest number must be in this list 
    if(nthSmallest < smallerNumberList.size()){
        return quickSelect(smallerNumberList, nthSmallest);
    }
    //If nthSmallest is greater than [ list.size() - greaterNumberList.size() ], nthSmallest number must be in this list
    //The step is bit tricky. If confusing, please see the above loop once again for clarification.
    else if(nthSmallest > (list.size() - greaterNumberList.size())){
        //nthSmallest will have to be changed here. [ list.size() - greaterNumberList.size() ] elements are already in 
        //smallerNumberList
        nthSmallest = nthSmallest - (list.size() - greaterNumberList.size());
        return quickSelect(greaterNumberList,nthSmallest);
    }
    else{
        return pivot;
    }
}

对于k非常小的值(即k << n)，我们可以在~O(n)时间内完成。否则，如果k与n比较，我们得到O(nlogn)