我经常听到有人说c++是一种上下文敏感的语言。举个例子:
a b(c);
这是变量定义还是函数声明?这取决于符号c的含义。如果c是一个变量，则ab (c);定义一个名为b的类型为a的变量。它直接用c初始化。但如果c是类型，则ab (c);声明一个名为b的函数，该函数接受c并返回a。
如果您查找上下文无关语言的定义，它基本上会告诉您，所有语法规则的左侧必须恰好包含一个非终结符。另一方面，上下文敏感语法允许在左侧使用任意的终结符和非终结符字符串。
浏览“c++程序设计语言”的附录A，我找不到一条语法规则，它的左边除了一个非终结符之外，还有其他任何东西。这意味着c++是上下文无关的。(当然，每一种与上下文无关的语言也是与上下文相关的，因为与上下文无关的语言构成了与上下文相关的语言的一个子集，但这不是重点。)
那么，c++是上下文无关的还是上下文敏感的?
当前回答
你可能想看看Bjarne Stroustrup写的《c++的设计与进化》。在这篇文章中，他描述了他在尝试使用yacc(或类似的)来解析早期版本的c++时遇到的问题，并希望他当时使用的是递归下降。
其他回答
没有一种类algol语言是与上下文无关的，因为它们有规则约束表达式和语句，标识符可以根据它们的类型出现在这些表达式和语句中，并且因为在声明和使用之间可以出现的语句数量没有限制。
通常的解决方案是编写一个上下文无关的解析器，它实际上接受有效程序的超集，并将上下文敏感的部分放在附加到规则的特殊“语义”代码中。
c++的图灵完备模板系统远远超越了这一点。参见堆栈溢出问题794015。
c++不是上下文无关的。我以前在编译器课上学过。快速搜索得到了这个链接，其中“语法或语义”部分解释了为什么C和c++不是上下文无关的:
维基百科演讲:上下文无关语法
眼神, Ovanes
这个答案说c++不是上下文无关的…有一个暗示(不是由回答者)，它不能被解析，回答提供了一个困难的代码示例，如果某个常数不是质数，就会产生一个无效的c++程序。
正如其他人所观察到的，关于语言是否上下文敏感/自由的问题与关于特定语法的相同问题是不同的。
为了解决可解析性的问题，我提供了经验证据，证明c++中存在可以使用的上下文无关语法 生成一个AST，用于源文本的上下文无关的解析 实际上是通过使用现有的基于glr解析器的工具进行解析，该工具由显式语法驱动。
Yes, it succeeds by "accepting too much"; not everything it accepts is a valid C++ program, which is why it's followed up with additional checks (type checks). And yes, the type checker may run into computability problems. In practice tools don't have this problem; if people wrote programs like that, none of them would compile. (I think the standard actually puts a limit on the amount of computation you can do unfolding a template, so in fact the computation is actually finite but probably pretty big).
如果您的意思是，则确定源程序是否是成员 的集合有效的c++源程序，那么我将同意 问题就难多了。但问题并不在于解析。
The tool resolves this issue by isolating parsing from type-checking the parsed program. (Where there are multiple interpretations in the absence of context, it records an ambiguity node in the parse tree with several possible parses; the type checking decides which one is correct and eliminates the invalid subtrees). You can see a (partial) parse tree in the example below; the whole tree is too large to fit in an SO answer. Note you get a parse tree whether the value 234797 or 234799 is used.
在原始值为234799的AST上运行工具的名称/类型解析器成功。如果值为234797，名称解析器将失败(正如预期的那样)，并给出错误消息“typen不是类型”，因此该版本不是有效的c++程序。
967 tree nodes in tree.
15 ambiguity nodes in tree.
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| | |(unqualified_id@Cpp~GCC5=319#6afb9c0^1#6afbaa0:1 Line 1 Column 15 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6afb780^1#6afb9c0:1[`V'] Line 1 Column 15 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
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| | |(class_head@Cpp~GCC5=1763#6afb980^1#6b04880:1 Line 1 Column 18 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (class_key@Cpp~GCC5=1791#6afbca0^1#6afb980:1 Line 1 Column 18 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)class_key
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6afbcc0^1#6afb980:2[`answer'] Line 1 Column 25 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
| | | (optional_base_clause@Cpp~GCC5=1872#6afba60^1#6afb980:3 Line 1 Column 32 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)optional_base_clause
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| |(template_parameter@Cpp~GCC5=2085#6b04ec0^1#6b04ee0:2 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (parameter_declaration@Cpp~GCC5=1611#6b04ea0^1#6b04ec0:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (basic_decl_specifier_seq@Cpp~GCC5=1070#6b04b40^1#6b04ea0:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (decl_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1073#6b04ba0^1#6b04b40:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(trailing_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1118#6b04c60^1#6b04ba0:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (simple_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1138#6b04580^1#6b04c60:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)simple_type_specifier
| | |)trailing_type_specifier#6b04c60
| | )decl_specifier#6b04ba0
| | )basic_decl_specifier_seq#6b04b40
| | (ptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1417#6b04e60^1#6b04ea0:2 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (noptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1421#6b04e40^1#6b04e60:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(declarator_id@Cpp~GCC5=1487#6b04de0^1#6b04e40:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (id_expression@Cpp~GCC5=317#6b04d80^1#6b04de0:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (unqualified_id@Cpp~GCC5=319#6b04ce0^1#6b04d80:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6b04560^1#6b04ce0:1[`yes'] Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
| | | )unqualified_id#6b04ce0
| | | )id_expression#6b04d80
| | |)declarator_id#6b04de0
| | )noptr_declarator#6b04e40
| | )ptr_declarator#6b04e60
| | )parameter_declaration#6b04ea0
| |)template_parameter#6b04ec0
| )template_parameter_list#6b04ee0
| (template_parameter@Cpp~GCC5=2085#6b05120^1#6b05140:2 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| |(parameter_declaration@Cpp~GCC5=1611#6b05100^1#6b05120:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (basic_decl_specifier_seq@Cpp~GCC5=1070#6b04d20^1#6b05100:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (decl_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1073#6b04dc0^1#6b04d20:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (trailing_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1118#6b04e80^1#6b04dc0:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(simple_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1140#6b046e0^1#6b04e80:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)simple_type_specifier
| | )trailing_type_specifier#6b04e80
| | )decl_specifier#6b04dc0
| | )basic_decl_specifier_seq#6b04d20
| | (ptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1417#6b05080^1#6b05100:2 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (noptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1421#6b05020^1#6b05080:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (declarator_id@Cpp~GCC5=1487#6b05000^1#6b05020:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(id_expression@Cpp~GCC5=317#6b04fa0^1#6b05000:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (unqualified_id@Cpp~GCC5=319#6b04f00^1#6b04fa0:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6b046c0^1#6b04f00:1[`f'] Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
| | | )unqualified_id#6b04f00
| | |)id_expression#6b04fa0
| | )declarator_id#6b05000
| | )noptr_declarator#6b05020
| | )ptr_declarator#6b05080
| |)parameter_declaration#6b05100
| )template_parameter#6b05120
| )template_parameter_list#6b05140
| (template_parameter@Cpp~GCC5=2085#6b05440^1#6b05460:2 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| (parameter_declaration@Cpp~GCC5=1611#6b05420^1#6b05440:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| |(basic_decl_specifier_seq@Cpp~GCC5=1070#6b05160^1#6b05420:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (decl_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1073#6b04fe0^1#6b05160:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (trailing_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1118#6b050e0^1#6b04fe0:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (simple_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1140#6b050c0^1#6b050e0:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)simple_type_specifier
| | )trailing_type_specifier#6b050e0
| | )decl_specifier#6b04fe0
| |)basic_decl_specifier_seq#6b05160
| |(ptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1417#6b053e0^1#6b05420:2 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (noptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1421#6b053c0^1#6b053e0:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (declarator_id@Cpp~GCC5=1487#6b05360^1#6b053c0:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (id_expression@Cpp~GCC5=317#6b05280^1#6b05360:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(unqualified_id@Cpp~GCC5=319#6b051a0^1#6b05280:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6b046a0^1#6b051a0:1[`p'] Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
| | |)unqualified_id#6b051a0
| | )id_expression#6b05280
| | )declarator_id#6b05360
| | )noptr_declarator#6b053c0
| |)ptr_declarator#6b053e0
| )parameter_declaration#6b05420
| )template_parameter#6b05440
| )template_parameter_list#6b05460
要回答你的问题，你需要区分两个不同的问题。
几乎每一种编程语言的语法都与上下文无关。通常，它是作为扩展的Backus-Naur形式或上下文无关语法给出的。 然而，即使一个程序符合编程语言定义的上下文无关语法，它也不一定是一个有效的程序。为了成为一个有效的程序，程序必须满足许多与上下文无关的属性。例如，最简单的属性是变量的作用域。
综上所述，c++是否与上下文无关取决于你问的问题。
显然，如果逐字逐句地回答这个问题，几乎所有带有标识符的语言都是上下文敏感的。
一个人需要知道一个标识符是一个类型名(一个类名，一个由typedef引入的名字，一个typename模板参数)，一个模板名还是其他一些名称，以便能够正确地使用标识符。例如:
x = (name)(expression);
如果name是类型名，则为类型转换;如果name是函数名，则为函数调用。另一种情况是所谓的“最恼人的解析”，其中不可能区分变量定义和函数声明(有一个规则说它是函数声明)。
这个困难引入了对typename和具有依赖名称的模板的需求。据我所知，c++的其余部分不是上下文敏感的(也就是说，可以为它编写上下文无关的语法)。
