我经常听到有人说c++是一种上下文敏感的语言。举个例子:
a b(c);
这是变量定义还是函数声明?这取决于符号c的含义。如果c是一个变量，则ab (c);定义一个名为b的类型为a的变量。它直接用c初始化。但如果c是类型，则ab (c);声明一个名为b的函数，该函数接受c并返回a。
如果您查找上下文无关语言的定义，它基本上会告诉您，所有语法规则的左侧必须恰好包含一个非终结符。另一方面，上下文敏感语法允许在左侧使用任意的终结符和非终结符字符串。
浏览“c++程序设计语言”的附录A，我找不到一条语法规则，它的左边除了一个非终结符之外，还有其他任何东西。这意味着c++是上下文无关的。(当然，每一种与上下文无关的语言也是与上下文相关的，因为与上下文无关的语言构成了与上下文相关的语言的一个子集，但这不是重点。)
那么，c++是上下文无关的还是上下文敏感的?
当前回答
Meta-S”是Quinn Tyler Jackson开发的上下文敏感解析引擎。我没有用过，但他讲了一个令人印象深刻的故事。在comp.compilers中查看他的评论，并查看rnaparse.com/MetaS%20defined.htm - Ira Baxter 7月25日10:42
正确的环节是解析谜题
Meta-S是一家已经倒闭的tho栖公司的财产。我可以将Meta-S的免费副本发送给任何感兴趣的人，我已经在rna解析研究中使用了它。请注意，示例文件夹中包含的“伪结语法”是由一个非生物信息学的、成熟的程序员编写的，基本上不起作用。我的语法采用了一种不同的方法，而且效果很好。
其他回答
是的。下面的表达式根据解析的上下文类型有不同的操作顺序:
编辑:当实际操作顺序发生变化时，使用“常规”编译器在修饰AST(传播类型信息)之前解析未修饰的AST会变得非常困难。与此相比，提到的其他上下文敏感的事情“相当容易”(并不是说模板计算一点都不容易)。
#if FIRST_MEANING
template<bool B>
class foo
{ };
#else
static const int foo = 0;
static const int bar = 15;
#endif
紧随其后的是:
static int foobar( foo < 2 ? 1 < 1 : 0 > & bar );
这个答案说c++不是上下文无关的…有一个暗示(不是由回答者)，它不能被解析，回答提供了一个困难的代码示例，如果某个常数不是质数，就会产生一个无效的c++程序。
正如其他人所观察到的，关于语言是否上下文敏感/自由的问题与关于特定语法的相同问题是不同的。
为了解决可解析性的问题，我提供了经验证据，证明c++中存在可以使用的上下文无关语法 生成一个AST，用于源文本的上下文无关的解析 实际上是通过使用现有的基于glr解析器的工具进行解析，该工具由显式语法驱动。
Yes, it succeeds by "accepting too much"; not everything it accepts is a valid C++ program, which is why it's followed up with additional checks (type checks). And yes, the type checker may run into computability problems. In practice tools don't have this problem; if people wrote programs like that, none of them would compile. (I think the standard actually puts a limit on the amount of computation you can do unfolding a template, so in fact the computation is actually finite but probably pretty big).
如果您的意思是，则确定源程序是否是成员 的集合有效的c++源程序，那么我将同意 问题就难多了。但问题并不在于解析。
The tool resolves this issue by isolating parsing from type-checking the parsed program. (Where there are multiple interpretations in the absence of context, it records an ambiguity node in the parse tree with several possible parses; the type checking decides which one is correct and eliminates the invalid subtrees). You can see a (partial) parse tree in the example below; the whole tree is too large to fit in an SO answer. Note you get a parse tree whether the value 234797 or 234799 is used.
在原始值为234799的AST上运行工具的名称/类型解析器成功。如果值为234797，名称解析器将失败(正如预期的那样)，并给出错误消息“typen不是类型”，因此该版本不是有效的c++程序。
967 tree nodes in tree.
15 ambiguity nodes in tree.
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| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6afbcc0^1#6afb980:2[`answer'] Line 1 Column 25 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
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| |)template_parameter_list#6b04cc0
| |(template_parameter@Cpp~GCC5=2085#6b04ec0^1#6b04ee0:2 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (parameter_declaration@Cpp~GCC5=1611#6b04ea0^1#6b04ec0:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (basic_decl_specifier_seq@Cpp~GCC5=1070#6b04b40^1#6b04ea0:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (decl_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1073#6b04ba0^1#6b04b40:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(trailing_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1118#6b04c60^1#6b04ba0:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (simple_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1138#6b04580^1#6b04c60:1 Line 3 Column 19 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)simple_type_specifier
| | |)trailing_type_specifier#6b04c60
| | )decl_specifier#6b04ba0
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| | (ptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1417#6b04e60^1#6b04ea0:2 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (noptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1421#6b04e40^1#6b04e60:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(declarator_id@Cpp~GCC5=1487#6b04de0^1#6b04e40:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (id_expression@Cpp~GCC5=317#6b04d80^1#6b04de0:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (unqualified_id@Cpp~GCC5=319#6b04ce0^1#6b04d80:1 Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6b04560^1#6b04ce0:1[`yes'] Line 3 Column 24 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
| | | )unqualified_id#6b04ce0
| | | )id_expression#6b04d80
| | |)declarator_id#6b04de0
| | )noptr_declarator#6b04e40
| | )ptr_declarator#6b04e60
| | )parameter_declaration#6b04ea0
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| )template_parameter_list#6b04ee0
| (template_parameter@Cpp~GCC5=2085#6b05120^1#6b05140:2 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| |(parameter_declaration@Cpp~GCC5=1611#6b05100^1#6b05120:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (basic_decl_specifier_seq@Cpp~GCC5=1070#6b04d20^1#6b05100:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (decl_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1073#6b04dc0^1#6b04d20:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (trailing_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1118#6b04e80^1#6b04dc0:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(simple_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1140#6b046e0^1#6b04e80:1 Line 3 Column 29 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)simple_type_specifier
| | )trailing_type_specifier#6b04e80
| | )decl_specifier#6b04dc0
| | )basic_decl_specifier_seq#6b04d20
| | (ptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1417#6b05080^1#6b05100:2 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (noptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1421#6b05020^1#6b05080:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (declarator_id@Cpp~GCC5=1487#6b05000^1#6b05020:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(id_expression@Cpp~GCC5=317#6b04fa0^1#6b05000:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (unqualified_id@Cpp~GCC5=319#6b04f00^1#6b04fa0:1 Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6b046c0^1#6b04f00:1[`f'] Line 3 Column 33 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
| | | )unqualified_id#6b04f00
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| )template_parameter#6b05120
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| (template_parameter@Cpp~GCC5=2085#6b05440^1#6b05460:2 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| (parameter_declaration@Cpp~GCC5=1611#6b05420^1#6b05440:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| |(basic_decl_specifier_seq@Cpp~GCC5=1070#6b05160^1#6b05420:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (decl_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1073#6b04fe0^1#6b05160:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (trailing_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1118#6b050e0^1#6b04fe0:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (simple_type_specifier@Cpp~GCC5=1140#6b050c0^1#6b050e0:1 Line 3 Column 36 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)simple_type_specifier
| | )trailing_type_specifier#6b050e0
| | )decl_specifier#6b04fe0
| |)basic_decl_specifier_seq#6b05160
| |(ptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1417#6b053e0^1#6b05420:2 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (noptr_declarator@Cpp~GCC5=1421#6b053c0^1#6b053e0:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (declarator_id@Cpp~GCC5=1487#6b05360^1#6b053c0:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | (id_expression@Cpp~GCC5=317#6b05280^1#6b05360:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | |(unqualified_id@Cpp~GCC5=319#6b051a0^1#6b05280:1 Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp
| | | (IDENTIFIER@Cpp~GCC5=3368#6b046a0^1#6b051a0:1[`p'] Line 3 Column 40 File C:/temp/prime_with_templates.cpp)IDENTIFIER
| | |)unqualified_id#6b051a0
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| | )noptr_declarator#6b053c0
| |)ptr_declarator#6b053e0
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| )template_parameter#6b05440
| )template_parameter_list#6b05460
Meta-S”是Quinn Tyler Jackson开发的上下文敏感解析引擎。我没有用过，但他讲了一个令人印象深刻的故事。在comp.compilers中查看他的评论，并查看rnaparse.com/MetaS%20defined.htm - Ira Baxter 7月25日10:42
正确的环节是解析谜题
Meta-S是一家已经倒闭的tho栖公司的财产。我可以将Meta-S的免费副本发送给任何感兴趣的人，我已经在rna解析研究中使用了它。请注意，示例文件夹中包含的“伪结语法”是由一个非生物信息学的、成熟的程序员编写的，基本上不起作用。我的语法采用了一种不同的方法，而且效果很好。
是的，c++是上下文敏感的，非常上下文敏感。您不能通过使用上下文无关的解析器简单地解析文件来构建语法树，因为在某些情况下，您需要从以前的知识中了解符号来决定(例如。在解析时构建一个符号表)。
第一个例子:
A*B;
这是一个乘法表达式吗?
OR
这是B变量作为a类型指针的声明吗?
如果A是一个变量，那么它就是一个表达式，如果A是类型，它就是一个指针声明。
第二个例子:
A B(bar);
这是一个函数原型接受一个条形参数吗?
OR
这是声明A类型的变量B，并调用A的构造函数和bar常量作为初始化式吗?
您需要再次了解bar是符号表中的变量还是类型。
第三个例子:
class Foo
{
public:
void fn(){x*y;}
int x, y;
};
当解析时构建符号表没有帮助时，就是这种情况，因为x和y的声明在函数定义之后。因此，您需要首先浏览类定义，然后在第二步查看方法定义，以确定x*y是一个表达式，而不是指针声明或其他东西。
c++模板已经被证明是图灵强大的。虽然不是正式的参考资料，但从这方面来看，我们可以从以下几个方面入手:
http://cpptruths.blogspot.com/2005/11/c-templates-are-turing-complete.html
我大胆地猜测一下(古老的民间和简明的CACM证明表明，60年代的ALGOL不能用CFG表示)，并说c++因此不能仅用CFG正确地解析。cfg与各种TP机制结合在一起，无论是在树通道还是在减少事件中——这是另一个故事。一般来说，由于停止问题，存在一些c++程序不能被证明是正确的/不正确的，但仍然是正确的/不正确的。
{PS-作为Meta-S的作者(上面有几个人提到过)，我可以很肯定地说Thothic并没有消失，也不是免费的软件。也许我这样回答是为了不被删除或被投票降至-3。
