用@staticmethod修饰的方法和用@classmethod修饰的方法有什么区别?


当前回答

从其文档中定义静态方法和类方法。以及何时使用静态方法和何时使用类方法。

静态方法类似于java和C#中的静态方法,它不会使用类的任何初始化值,只需要从外部进行操作即可。类方法:通常用于继承重写,当我们重写一个方法时,然后使用CLS实例来判断是否要调用子类或父类的方法。以防您希望同时使用同名和不同签名的方法。

静态方法(函数)->方法

Convert a function to be a static method.

A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
To declare a static method, use this idiom:

     class C:
         @staticmethod
         def f(arg1, arg2, ...):
             ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.

Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.
"""

classmethod(函数)->方法

Convert a function to be a class method.

A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
just like an instance method receives the instance.
To declare a class method, use this idiom:

  class C:
      @classmethod
      def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):
          ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.
If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
object is passed as the implied first argument.

Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.

其他回答

我的贡献展示了@classmethod、@staticmethod和实例方法之间的区别,包括实例如何间接调用@staticmmethod。但是,与其从实例间接调用@staticmethod,不如将其私有化可能更“Python化”。这里没有演示从私有方法获取内容,但基本上是相同的概念。

#!python3

from os import system
system('cls')
# %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %

class DemoClass(object):
    # instance methods need a class instance and
    # can access the instance through 'self'
    def instance_method_1(self):
        return 'called from inside the instance_method_1()'

    def instance_method_2(self):
        # an instance outside the class indirectly calls the static_method
        return self.static_method() + ' via instance_method_2()'

    # class methods don't need a class instance, they can't access the
    # instance (self) but they have access to the class itself via 'cls'
    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        return 'called from inside the class_method()'

    # static methods don't have access to 'cls' or 'self', they work like
    # regular functions but belong to the class' namespace
    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        return 'called from inside the static_method()'
# %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %

# works even if the class hasn't been instantiated
print(DemoClass.class_method() + '\n')
''' called from inside the class_method() '''

# works even if the class hasn't been instantiated
print(DemoClass.static_method() + '\n')
''' called from inside the static_method() '''
# %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %

# >>>>> all methods types can be called on a class instance <<<<<
# instantiate the class
democlassObj = DemoClass()

# call instance_method_1()
print(democlassObj.instance_method_1() + '\n')
''' called from inside the instance_method_1() '''

# # indirectly call static_method through instance_method_2(), there's really no use
# for this since a @staticmethod can be called whether the class has been
# instantiated or not
print(democlassObj.instance_method_2() + '\n')
''' called from inside the static_method() via instance_method_2() '''

# call class_method()
print(democlassObj.class_method() + '\n')
'''  called from inside the class_method() '''

# call static_method()
print(democlassObj.static_method())
''' called from inside the static_method() '''

"""
# whether the class is instantiated or not, this doesn't work
print(DemoClass.instance_method_1() + '\n')
'''
TypeError: TypeError: unbound method instancemethod() must be called with
DemoClass instance as first argument (got nothing instead)
'''
"""

python官方文档:

@分类法

类方法将类作为隐式第一个参数,就像instance方法接收该实例。要声明类方法,请使用成语:C类:@分类法定义f(cls,arg1,arg2,…):。。。@classmethod表单是一个函数decorator–请参见函数中的函数定义详细定义。它可以在类上调用(例如C.f())或实例(例如C().f())。实例是除了它的类之外,都被忽略。如果类方法用于派生类,派生类对象是作为隐含的第一个参数传递。类方法不同于C++或Java静态方法。如果你愿意这些,请参见本文中的staticmethod()部分

@静态方法

静态方法不接收隐式第一个参数。声明静态方法,使用这个成语:C类:@静态方法定义f(arg1,arg2,…):。。。@staticmethod表单是一个函数decorator–请参见函数中的函数定义详细定义。它可以在类上调用(例如C.f())或实例(例如C().f())。实例是除了它的类之外,都被忽略。Python中的静态方法类似类似于Java或C++中的那些。对于更高级的概念,请参见classmethod()。

顾名思义,类方法用于更改类而不是对象。要对类进行更改,它们将修改类属性(而不是对象属性),因为这就是更新类的方式。这就是类方法将类(通常用“cls”表示)作为第一个参数的原因。

class A(object):
    m=54

    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        print "m is %d" % cls.m

另一方面,静态方法用于执行未绑定到类的功能,即它们不会读取或写入类变量。因此,静态方法不将类作为参数。使用它们是为了使类可以执行与类的目的不直接相关的功能。

class X(object):
    m=54 #will not be referenced

    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        print "Referencing/calling a variable or function outside this class. E.g. Some global variable/function."

@staticmethod只是禁用默认函数作为方法描述符。classmethod将函数包装在可调用的容器中,该容器将引用作为第一个参数传递给所属类:

>>> class C(object):
...  pass
... 
>>> def f():
...  pass
... 
>>> staticmethod(f).__get__(None, C)
<function f at 0x5c1cf0>
>>> classmethod(f).__get__(None, C)
<bound method type.f of <class '__main__.C'>>

事实上,classmethod有运行时开销,但可以访问所属的类。或者,我建议使用元类并将类方法放在元类上:

>>> class CMeta(type):
...  def foo(cls):
...   print cls
... 
>>> class C(object):
...  __metaclass__ = CMeta
... 
>>> C.foo()
<class '__main__.C'>

对iPython中其他相同方法的快速破解表明,@staticmethod产生了边际性能增益(以纳秒为单位),但在其他方面它似乎没有任何作用。此外,在编译过程中通过staticmethod()处理方法的额外工作(这在运行脚本时任何代码执行之前发生)可能会抵消任何性能提升。

为了代码的可读性,我会避免@staticmethod,除非您的方法将用于纳秒计数的工作量。