用@staticmethod修饰的方法和用@classmethod修饰的方法有什么区别?


当前回答

顾名思义,类方法用于更改类而不是对象。要对类进行更改,它们将修改类属性(而不是对象属性),因为这就是更新类的方式。这就是类方法将类(通常用“cls”表示)作为第一个参数的原因。

class A(object):
    m=54

    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        print "m is %d" % cls.m

另一方面,静态方法用于执行未绑定到类的功能,即它们不会读取或写入类变量。因此,静态方法不将类作为参数。使用它们是为了使类可以执行与类的目的不直接相关的功能。

class X(object):
    m=54 #will not be referenced

    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        print "Referencing/calling a variable or function outside this class. E.g. Some global variable/function."

其他回答

我将用一个例子来解释基本的区别。

class A(object):
    x = 0

    def say_hi(self):
        pass

    @staticmethod
    def say_hi_static():
        pass

    @classmethod
    def say_hi_class(cls):
        pass

    def run_self(self):
        self.x += 1
        print self.x # outputs 1
        self.say_hi()
        self.say_hi_static()
        self.say_hi_class()

    @staticmethod
    def run_static():
        print A.x  # outputs 0
        # A.say_hi() #  wrong
        A.say_hi_static()
        A.say_hi_class()

    @classmethod
    def run_class(cls):
        print cls.x # outputs 0
        # cls.say_hi() #  wrong
        cls.say_hi_static()
        cls.say_hi_class()

1-我们可以直接调用静态和类方法,而无需初始化

# A.run_self() #  wrong
A.run_static()
A.run_class()

2-静态方法不能调用self方法,但可以调用其他静态和类方法

3-静态方法属于类,根本不会使用对象。

4-类方法不绑定到对象,而是绑定到类。

太长,读不下去了

静态方法本质上是绑定到类(及其实例)的函数

类方法本质上是一种可继承的静态方法。

有关详细信息,请参阅其他人的优秀答案。

实例方法:

+可以修改对象实例状态

+可以修改类状态

类方法:

-无法修改对象实例状态

+可以修改类状态

静态方法:

-无法修改对象实例状态

-无法修改类状态

class MyClass:
    ''' 
    Instance method has a mandatory first attribute self which represent the instance itself. 
    Instance method must be called by a instantiated instance.
    '''
    def method(self):
        return 'instance method called', self
    
    '''
    Class method has a mandatory first attribute cls which represent the class itself. 
    Class method can be called by an instance or by the class directly. 
    Its most common using scenario is to define a factory method.
    '''
    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        return 'class method called', cls
    
    '''
    Static method doesn’t have any attributes of instances or the class. 
    It also can be called by an instance or by the class directly. 
    Its most common using scenario is to define some helper or utility functions which are closely relative to the class.
    '''
    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        return 'static method called'


obj = MyClass()
print(obj.method())
print(obj.class_method()) # MyClass.class_method()
print(obj.static_method()) # MyClass.static_method()

输出:

('instance method called', <__main__.MyClass object at 0x100fb3940>)
('class method called', <class '__main__.MyClass'>)
static method called

实例方法实际上可以访问对象实例,所以这是我的类对象的一个实例,而使用类方法,我们可以访问类本身。但不适用于任何对象,因为类方法并不真正关心现有的对象。但是,您可以同时调用对象实例上的类方法和静态方法。这将起作用,但实际上并没有什么不同,所以当你在这里调用静态方法时,它会起作用,它会知道你要调用哪个方法。

静态方法用于执行一些实用程序任务,类方法用于工厂方法。工厂方法可以为不同的用例返回类对象。

最后,举一个简短的例子来更好地理解:

class Student:
    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        self.first_name = first_name
        self.last_name = last_name

    @classmethod
    def get_from_string(cls, name_string: str):
        first_name, last_name = name_string.split()
        if Student.validate_name(first_name) and Student.validate_name(last_name):
            return cls(first_name, last_name)
        else:
            print('Invalid Names')

    @staticmethod
    def validate_name(name):
        return len(name) <= 10


stackoverflow_student = Student.get_from_string('Name Surname')
print(stackoverflow_student.first_name) # Name
print(stackoverflow_student.last_name) # Surname

要决定是使用@staticmethod还是@classmethod,必须查看方法内部。如果您的方法访问类中的其他变量/方法,请使用@classmethod。另一方面,如果您的方法不涉及类的任何其他部分,则使用@staticmethod。

class Apple:

    _counter = 0

    @staticmethod
    def about_apple():
        print('Apple is good for you.')

        # note you can still access other member of the class
        # but you have to use the class instance 
        # which is not very nice, because you have repeat yourself
        # 
        # For example:
        # @staticmethod
        #    print('Number of apples have been juiced: %s' % Apple._counter)
        #
        # @classmethod
        #    print('Number of apples have been juiced: %s' % cls._counter)
        #
        #    @classmethod is especially useful when you move your function to another class,
        #       you don't have to rename the referenced class 

    @classmethod
    def make_apple_juice(cls, number_of_apples):
        print('Making juice:')
        for i in range(number_of_apples):
            cls._juice_this(i)

    @classmethod
    def _juice_this(cls, apple):
        print('Juicing apple %d...' % apple)
        cls._counter += 1

分析@staticmethod,提供不同的见解。

类的普通方法是一种隐式动态方法,它将实例作为第一个参数。相反,静态方法不将实例作为第一个参数,因此称为“static”。

静态方法确实是一个与类定义之外的函数相同的正常函数。幸运的是,它被分组到类中,只是为了更接近应用它的位置,或者您可以滚动查找它。