Historically, from UNIX v7, the process system has detected orphanity of processes by checking a process' parent id. As I say, historically, the init(8) system process is a special process by only one reason: It cannot die. It cannot die because the kernel algorithm to deal with assigning a new parent process id, depends on this fact. when a process executes its exit(2) call (by means of a process system call or by external task as sending it a signal or the like) the kernel reassigns all children of this process the id of the init process as their parent process id. This leads to the most easy test, and most portable way of knowing if a process has got orphan. Just check the result of the getppid(2) system call and if it is the process id of the init(2) process then the process got orphan before the system call.

这种方法会产生两个问题:

first, we have the possibility of changing the init process to any user process, so How can we assure that the init process will always be parent of all orphan processes? Well, in the exit system call code there's a explicit check to see if the process executing the call is the init process (the process with pid equal to 1) and if that's the case, the kernel panics (It should not be able anymore to maintain the process hierarchy) so it is not permitted for the init process to do an exit(2) call. second, there's a race condition in the basic test exposed above. Init process' id is assumed historically to be 1, but that's not warranted by the POSIX approach, that states (as exposed in other response) that only a system's process id is reserved for that purpose. Almost no posix implementation does this, and you can assume in original unix derived systems that having 1 as response of getppid(2) system call is enough to assume the process is orphan. Another way to check is to make a getppid(2) just after the fork and compare that value with the result of a new call. This simply doesn't work in all cases, as both call are not atomic together, and the parent process can die after the fork(2) and before the first getppid(2) system call. The processparent id only changes once, when its parent does anexit(2)call, so this should be enough to check if thegetppid(2)result changed between calls to see that parent process has exit. This test is not valid for the actual children of the init process, because they are always children ofinit(8)`, but you can assume safely these processes as having no parent either (except when you substitute in a system the init process)

在POSIX中，exit()， _exit()和_exit()函数被定义为:

如果该进程是控制进程，则SIGHUP信号应发送给控制终端的前台进程组中属于呼叫进程的每个进程。

因此，如果您安排父进程作为其进程组的控制进程，那么当父进程退出时，子进程应该得到一个SIGHUP信号。我不确定当父节点崩溃时是否会发生这种情况，但我认为确实会发生。当然，对于非崩溃的情况，它应该可以正常工作。

请注意，您可能必须阅读大量的小字——包括基本定义(Definitions)部分，以及exit()和setsid()和setpgrp()的系统服务信息——才能了解完整的情况。(我也是!)

我找到了两个解，都不完美。

1.当收到SIGTERM信号时，通过Kill (-pid)杀死所有子结点。 显然，这个解决方案不能处理“kill -9”，但它确实适用于大多数情况，而且非常简单，因为它不需要记住所有的子进程。

    var childProc = require('child_process').spawn('tail', ['-f', '/dev/null'], {stdio:'ignore'});

    var counter=0;
    setInterval(function(){
      console.log('c  '+(++counter));
    },1000);

    if (process.platform.slice(0,3) != 'win') {
      function killMeAndChildren() {
        /*
        * On Linux/Unix(Include Mac OS X), kill (-pid) will kill process group, usually
        * the process itself and children.
        * On Windows, an JOB object has been applied to current process and children,
        * so all children will be terminated if current process dies by anyway.
        */
        console.log('kill process group');
        process.kill(-process.pid, 'SIGKILL');
      }

      /*
      * When you use "kill pid_of_this_process", this callback will be called
      */
      process.on('SIGTERM', function(err){
        console.log('SIGTERM');
        killMeAndChildren();
      });
    }

通过同样的方式，如果你调用process，你可以像上面那样安装'exit'处理程序。退出的地方。 注意:Ctrl+C和突然崩溃已经被操作系统自动处理来杀死进程组，这里不再赘述。

2.使用chjj/pty.js生成附加控制终端的进程。 当你以任何方式甚至kill -9终止当前进程时，所有的子进程也会被自动终止(由操作系统?)我猜是因为当前进程占用终端的另一侧，所以如果当前进程死亡，子进程将获得SIGPIPE，因此死亡。

    var pty = require('pty.js');

    //var term =
    pty.spawn('any_child_process', [/*any arguments*/], {
      name: 'xterm-color',
      cols: 80,
      rows: 30,
      cwd: process.cwd(),
      env: process.env
    });
    /*optionally you can install data handler
    term.on('data', function(data) {
      process.stdout.write(data);
    });
    term.write(.....);
    */

通过滥用终端控制和会话，我设法用3个进程实现了一个可移植的、非轮询的解决方案。

诀窍在于:

process A is started process A creates a pipe P (and never reads from it) process A forks into process B process B creates a new session process B allocates a virtual terminal for that new session process B installs SIGCHLD handler to die when the child exits process B sets a SIGPIPE handler process B forks into process C process C does whatever it needs (e.g. exec()s the unmodified binary or runs whatever logic) process B writes to pipe P (and blocks that way) process A wait()s on process B and exits when it dies

这种方式:

如果进程A死亡:进程B得到一个SIGPIPE并死亡 如果进程B死亡:进程A的wait()返回并死亡，进程C将得到一个SIGHUP(因为当一个连接终端的会话的会话领导者死亡时，前台进程组中的所有进程都会得到一个SIGHUP) 如果进程C死亡:进程B得到一个SIGCHLD并死亡，那么进程a也会死亡

缺点:

进程C不能处理SIGHUP 进程C将在不同的会话中运行 进程C不能使用会话/进程组API，因为这会破坏脆弱的设置 为每一个这样的操作创建一个终端并不是最好的主意

我认为不可能保证只使用标准POSIX调用。就像现实生活一样，一旦孩子被孕育出来，它就有了自己的生命。

父进程可以捕获大多数可能的终止事件，并尝试在此时终止子进程，但总有一些无法捕获。

例如，没有进程可以捕获SIGKILL。当内核处理这个信号时，它将杀死指定的进程，而不通知该进程。

扩展一下类比——唯一的另一种标准方式是，当孩子发现自己不再有父母时自杀。

使用prctl(2)有一种linux独有的方法——请参阅其他答案。

即使7年过去了，我刚刚遇到这个问题，因为我正在运行SpringBoot应用程序，需要在开发期间启动webpack-dev-server，并需要在后端进程停止时杀死它。

我尝试使用Runtime.getRuntime()。addShutdownHook，但它在Windows 10上工作，但在Windows 7上不工作。

我已经将其更改为使用一个专门的线程来等待进程退出或用于InterruptedException，这似乎在两个Windows版本上都正确工作。

private void startWebpackDevServer() {
    String cmd = isWindows() ? "cmd /c gradlew webPackStart" : "gradlew webPackStart";
    logger.info("webpack dev-server " + cmd);

    Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {

        ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmd.split(" "));
        pb.redirectOutput(ProcessBuilder.Redirect.INHERIT);
        pb.redirectError(ProcessBuilder.Redirect.INHERIT);
        pb.directory(new File("."));

        Process process = null;
        try {
            // Start the node process
            process = pb.start();

            // Wait for the node process to quit (blocking)
            process.waitFor();

            // Ensure the node process is killed
            process.destroyForcibly();
            System.setProperty(WEBPACK_SERVER_PROPERTY, "true");
        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
            // Ensure the node process is killed.
            // InterruptedException is thrown when the main process exit.
            logger.info("killing webpack dev-server", e);
            if (process != null) {
                process.destroyForcibly();
            }
        }

    });

    thread.start();
}