以防它与任何人相关，当我从c++派生子进程中的JVM实例时，我可以让JVM实例在父进程完成后正确终止的唯一方法是执行以下操作。如果这不是最好的方法，希望有人能在评论中提供反馈。

1)在通过execv启动Java应用程序之前，在fork子进程上调用prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGHUP)

2)在Java应用程序中添加一个shutdown钩子，轮询直到其父PID等于1，然后执行一个硬的Runtime.getRuntime().halt(0)。轮询是通过启动运行ps命令的单独shell来完成的(参见:如何在Linux上的Java或JRuby中找到我的PID ?)

130118年编辑:

这似乎不是一个可靠的解决方案。我仍然在努力理解发生的事情的细微差别，但在屏幕/SSH会话中运行这些应用程序时，有时仍然会遇到孤立的JVM进程。

Instead of polling for the PPID in the Java app, I simply had the shutdown hook perform cleanup followed by a hard halt as above. Then I made sure to invoke waitpid in the C++ parent app on the spawned child process when it was time to terminate everything. This seems to be a more robust solution, as the child process ensures that it terminates, while the parent uses existing references to make sure that its children terminate. Compare this to the previous solution which had the parent process terminate whenever it pleased, and had the children try to figure out if they had been orphaned before terminating.

Historically, from UNIX v7, the process system has detected orphanity of processes by checking a process' parent id. As I say, historically, the init(8) system process is a special process by only one reason: It cannot die. It cannot die because the kernel algorithm to deal with assigning a new parent process id, depends on this fact. when a process executes its exit(2) call (by means of a process system call or by external task as sending it a signal or the like) the kernel reassigns all children of this process the id of the init process as their parent process id. This leads to the most easy test, and most portable way of knowing if a process has got orphan. Just check the result of the getppid(2) system call and if it is the process id of the init(2) process then the process got orphan before the system call.

这种方法会产生两个问题:

first, we have the possibility of changing the init process to any user process, so How can we assure that the init process will always be parent of all orphan processes? Well, in the exit system call code there's a explicit check to see if the process executing the call is the init process (the process with pid equal to 1) and if that's the case, the kernel panics (It should not be able anymore to maintain the process hierarchy) so it is not permitted for the init process to do an exit(2) call. second, there's a race condition in the basic test exposed above. Init process' id is assumed historically to be 1, but that's not warranted by the POSIX approach, that states (as exposed in other response) that only a system's process id is reserved for that purpose. Almost no posix implementation does this, and you can assume in original unix derived systems that having 1 as response of getppid(2) system call is enough to assume the process is orphan. Another way to check is to make a getppid(2) just after the fork and compare that value with the result of a new call. This simply doesn't work in all cases, as both call are not atomic together, and the parent process can die after the fork(2) and before the first getppid(2) system call. The processparent id only changes once, when its parent does anexit(2)call, so this should be enough to check if thegetppid(2)result changed between calls to see that parent process has exit. This test is not valid for the actual children of the init process, because they are always children ofinit(8)`, but you can assume safely these processes as having no parent either (except when you substitute in a system the init process)

我认为不可能保证只使用标准POSIX调用。就像现实生活一样，一旦孩子被孕育出来，它就有了自己的生命。

父进程可以捕获大多数可能的终止事件，并尝试在此时终止子进程，但总有一些无法捕获。

例如，没有进程可以捕获SIGKILL。当内核处理这个信号时，它将杀死指定的进程，而不通知该进程。

扩展一下类比——唯一的另一种标准方式是，当孩子发现自己不再有父母时自杀。

使用prctl(2)有一种linux独有的方法——请参阅其他答案。

如果你发送一个信号到pid 0，使用for实例

kill(0, 2); /* SIGINT */

该信号被发送到整个进程组，从而有效地杀死了子进程。

你可以很容易地测试它，比如:

(cat && kill 0) | python

如果你然后按^D，你会看到文本“Terminated”，这表明Python解释器确实已经被杀死，而不是因为stdin被关闭而退出。

受到这里另一个答案的启发，我提出了以下全posix解决方案。一般思想是在父进程和子进程之间创建一个中间进程，其目的只有一个:注意父进程何时死亡，并显式地终止子进程。

当子进程中的代码无法修改时，这种解决方案非常有用。

int p[2];
pipe(p);
pid_t child = fork();
if (child == 0) {
    close(p[1]); // close write end of pipe
    setpgid(0, 0); // prevent ^C in parent from stopping this process
    child = fork();
    if (child == 0) {
        close(p[0]); // close read end of pipe (don't need it here)
        exec(...child process here...);
        exit(1);
    }
    read(p[0], 1); // returns when parent exits for any reason
    kill(child, 9);
    exit(1);
}

使用这种方法有两个小注意事项:

如果你故意杀死中间进程，那么当父进程死亡时，子进程不会被杀死。 如果子进程在父进程之前退出，那么中间进程将尝试杀死原来的子进程pid，该进程现在可以引用一个不同的进程。(这可以通过在中间过程中编写更多代码来解决。)

顺便说一句，我使用的实际代码是Python的。为了完整起见，这里是:

def run(*args):
    (r, w) = os.pipe()
    child = os.fork()
    if child == 0:
        os.close(w)
        os.setpgid(0, 0)
        child = os.fork()
        if child == 0:
            os.close(r)
            os.execl(args[0], *args)
            os._exit(1)
        os.read(r, 1)
        os.kill(child, 9)
        os._exit(1)
    os.close(r)

即使7年过去了，我刚刚遇到这个问题，因为我正在运行SpringBoot应用程序，需要在开发期间启动webpack-dev-server，并需要在后端进程停止时杀死它。

我尝试使用Runtime.getRuntime()。addShutdownHook，但它在Windows 10上工作，但在Windows 7上不工作。

我已经将其更改为使用一个专门的线程来等待进程退出或用于InterruptedException，这似乎在两个Windows版本上都正确工作。

private void startWebpackDevServer() {
    String cmd = isWindows() ? "cmd /c gradlew webPackStart" : "gradlew webPackStart";
    logger.info("webpack dev-server " + cmd);

    Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {

        ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmd.split(" "));
        pb.redirectOutput(ProcessBuilder.Redirect.INHERIT);
        pb.redirectError(ProcessBuilder.Redirect.INHERIT);
        pb.directory(new File("."));

        Process process = null;
        try {
            // Start the node process
            process = pb.start();

            // Wait for the node process to quit (blocking)
            process.waitFor();

            // Ensure the node process is killed
            process.destroyForcibly();
            System.setProperty(WEBPACK_SERVER_PROPERTY, "true");
        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
            // Ensure the node process is killed.
            // InterruptedException is thrown when the main process exit.
            logger.info("killing webpack dev-server", e);
            if (process != null) {
                process.destroyForcibly();
            }
        }

    });

    thread.start();
}