我认为一种快速而又不那么简单的方法是在子节点和父节点之间创建一个管道。当父节点退出时，子节点将收到一个SIGPIPE。

我在过去通过在“子”中运行“原始”代码和在“父”中运行“衍生”代码来实现这一点(也就是说:你在fork()之后反转了通常意义上的测试)。然后在“衍生”代码中捕获SIGCHLD…

对你来说可能不行，但管用的时候很可爱。

受到这里另一个答案的启发，我提出了以下全posix解决方案。一般思想是在父进程和子进程之间创建一个中间进程，其目的只有一个:注意父进程何时死亡，并显式地终止子进程。

当子进程中的代码无法修改时，这种解决方案非常有用。

int p[2];
pipe(p);
pid_t child = fork();
if (child == 0) {
    close(p[1]); // close write end of pipe
    setpgid(0, 0); // prevent ^C in parent from stopping this process
    child = fork();
    if (child == 0) {
        close(p[0]); // close read end of pipe (don't need it here)
        exec(...child process here...);
        exit(1);
    }
    read(p[0], 1); // returns when parent exits for any reason
    kill(child, 9);
    exit(1);
}

使用这种方法有两个小注意事项:

如果你故意杀死中间进程，那么当父进程死亡时，子进程不会被杀死。 如果子进程在父进程之前退出，那么中间进程将尝试杀死原来的子进程pid，该进程现在可以引用一个不同的进程。(这可以通过在中间过程中编写更多代码来解决。)

顺便说一句，我使用的实际代码是Python的。为了完整起见，这里是:

def run(*args):
    (r, w) = os.pipe()
    child = os.fork()
    if child == 0:
        os.close(w)
        os.setpgid(0, 0)
        child = os.fork()
        if child == 0:
            os.close(r)
            os.execl(args[0], *args)
            os._exit(1)
        os.read(r, 1)
        os.kill(child, 9)
        os._exit(1)
    os.close(r)

另一种Linux特有的方法是在一个新的PID名称空间中创建父进程。然后它将是该名称空间中的PID 1，当它退出时，它的所有子节点将立即被SIGKILL杀死。

不幸的是，为了创建一个新的PID名称空间，您必须拥有CAP_SYS_ADMIN。但是，这种方法非常有效，在初始启动父进程之后不需要对父进程或子进程进行任何实际更改。

请参见clone(2)、pid_namespaces(7)和unshare(2)。

Historically, from UNIX v7, the process system has detected orphanity of processes by checking a process' parent id. As I say, historically, the init(8) system process is a special process by only one reason: It cannot die. It cannot die because the kernel algorithm to deal with assigning a new parent process id, depends on this fact. when a process executes its exit(2) call (by means of a process system call or by external task as sending it a signal or the like) the kernel reassigns all children of this process the id of the init process as their parent process id. This leads to the most easy test, and most portable way of knowing if a process has got orphan. Just check the result of the getppid(2) system call and if it is the process id of the init(2) process then the process got orphan before the system call.

这种方法会产生两个问题:

first, we have the possibility of changing the init process to any user process, so How can we assure that the init process will always be parent of all orphan processes? Well, in the exit system call code there's a explicit check to see if the process executing the call is the init process (the process with pid equal to 1) and if that's the case, the kernel panics (It should not be able anymore to maintain the process hierarchy) so it is not permitted for the init process to do an exit(2) call. second, there's a race condition in the basic test exposed above. Init process' id is assumed historically to be 1, but that's not warranted by the POSIX approach, that states (as exposed in other response) that only a system's process id is reserved for that purpose. Almost no posix implementation does this, and you can assume in original unix derived systems that having 1 as response of getppid(2) system call is enough to assume the process is orphan. Another way to check is to make a getppid(2) just after the fork and compare that value with the result of a new call. This simply doesn't work in all cases, as both call are not atomic together, and the parent process can die after the fork(2) and before the first getppid(2) system call. The processparent id only changes once, when its parent does anexit(2)call, so this should be enough to check if thegetppid(2)result changed between calls to see that parent process has exit. This test is not valid for the actual children of the init process, because they are always children ofinit(8)`, but you can assume safely these processes as having no parent either (except when you substitute in a system the init process)

我认为一种快速而又不那么简单的方法是在子节点和父节点之间创建一个管道。当父节点退出时，子节点将收到一个SIGPIPE。