重写GetHashCode的最佳算法是什么？

在.NET中，GetHashCode方法在整个.NET基类库的许多地方都使用。正确执行它对于在集合中或确定相等时快速查找项目尤为重要。

对于如何为自定义类实现GetHashCode，是否有标准算法或最佳实践，以便不会降低性能？

当前回答

这是Jon Skeet发布的上述算法的另一个流畅实现，但不包括分配或装箱操作：

public static class Hash
{
    public const int Base = 17;

    public static int HashObject(this int hash, object obj)
    {
        unchecked { return hash * 23 + (obj == null ? 0 : obj.GetHashCode()); }
    }

    public static int HashValue<T>(this int hash, T value)
        where T : struct
    {
        unchecked { return hash * 23 + value.GetHashCode(); }
    }
}

用法：

public class MyType<T>
{
    public string Name { get; set; }

    public string Description { get; set; }

    public int Value { get; set; }

    public IEnumerable<T> Children { get; set; }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        return Hash.Base
            .HashObject(this.Name)
            .HashObject(this.Description)
            .HashValue(this.Value)
            .HashObject(this.Children);
    }
}

由于泛型类型约束，编译器将确保不使用类调用HashValue。但是没有编译器支持HashObject，因为添加泛型参数也会添加装箱操作。

2014-01-20 23:41:33

其他回答

这是我使用JonSkeet实现的助手类。

public static class HashCode
{
    public const int Start = 17;

    public static int Hash<T>(this int hash, T obj)
    {
        var h = EqualityComparer<T>.Default.GetHashCode(obj);
        return unchecked((hash * 31) + h);
    }
}

用法：

public override int GetHashCode()
{
    return HashCode.Start
        .Hash(_field1)
        .Hash(_field2)
        .Hash(_field3);
}

如果要避免为System.Int32编写扩展方法：

public readonly struct HashCode
{
    private readonly int _value;

    public HashCode(int value) => _value = value;

    public static HashCode Start { get; } = new HashCode(17);

    public static implicit operator int(HashCode hash) => hash._value;

    public HashCode Hash<T>(T obj)
    {
        var h = EqualityComparer<T>.Default.GetHashCode(obj);
        return unchecked(new HashCode((_value * 31) + h));
    }

    public override int GetHashCode() => _value;
}

它仍然避免了任何堆分配，使用方式完全相同：

public override int GetHashCode()
{
    // This time `HashCode.Start` is not an `Int32`, it's a `HashCode` instance.
    // And the result is implicitly converted to `Int32`.
    return HashCode.Start
        .Hash(_field1)
        .Hash(_field2)     
        .Hash(_field3);
}

编辑（2018年5月）：EqualityComparer＜T＞。默认getter现在是JIT内在的-Stephen Toub在这篇博文中提到了pull请求。

2013-09-04 12:32:48

在Equals（）比较多个字段的大多数情况下，GetHash（）对一个字段或多个字段进行散列并不重要。您只需确保计算哈希值非常便宜（请不要分配）和快速（没有繁重的计算，当然也没有数据库连接），并提供良好的分布。

重型起吊应是Equals（）方法的一部分；哈希应该是一个非常便宜的操作，以便能够对尽可能少的项目调用Equal（）。

最后一个提示：不要依赖GetHashCode（）在多个应用程序运行中保持稳定。许多.Net类型不能保证它们的哈希代码在重新启动后保持不变，因此只能对内存中的数据结构使用GetHashCode（）的值。

2009-02-23 11:55:44

与夜编码器的解决方案非常相似，只是如果你想提高素数更容易。

PS：这是你嘴里吐出一点东西的时候之一，因为你知道这可以用9个默认值重构成一个方法，但它会更慢，所以你闭上眼睛，试着忘掉它。

/// <summary>
/// Try not to look at the source code. It works. Just rely on it.
/// </summary>
public static class HashHelper
{
    private const int PrimeOne = 17;
    private const int PrimeTwo = 23;

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4, T5 arg5, T6 arg6, T7 arg7, T8 arg8, T9 arg9, T10 arg10)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg4.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg5.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg6.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg7.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg8.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg9.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg10.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4, T5 arg5, T6 arg6, T7 arg7, T8 arg8, T9 arg9)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg4.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg5.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg6.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg7.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg8.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg9.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4, T5 arg5, T6 arg6, T7 arg7, T8 arg8)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg4.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg5.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg6.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg7.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg8.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4, T5 arg5, T6 arg6, T7 arg7)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg4.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg5.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg6.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg7.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4, T5 arg5, T6 arg6)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg4.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg5.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg6.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4, T5 arg5)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg4.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg5.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3, T4>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg4.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2, T3>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg3.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }

    public static int GetHashCode<T1, T2>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2)
    {
        unchecked
        {
            int hash = PrimeOne;
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg1.GetHashCode();
            hash = hash * PrimeTwo + arg2.GetHashCode();

            return hash;
        }
    }
}

2014-10-21 17:49:34

如果您想从netstandard2.1中polyfill HashCode

public static class HashCode
{
    public static int Combine(params object[] instances)
    {
        int hash = 17;

        foreach (var i in instances)
        {
            hash = unchecked((hash * 31) + (i?.GetHashCode() ?? 0));
        }

        return hash;
    }
}

注意：如果与struct一起使用，它将由于装箱而分配内存

2020-04-20 04:54:54

这是Jon Skeet发布的上述算法的另一个流畅实现，但不包括分配或装箱操作：

public static class Hash
{
    public const int Base = 17;

    public static int HashObject(this int hash, object obj)
    {
        unchecked { return hash * 23 + (obj == null ? 0 : obj.GetHashCode()); }
    }

    public static int HashValue<T>(this int hash, T value)
        where T : struct
    {
        unchecked { return hash * 23 + value.GetHashCode(); }
    }
}

用法：

public class MyType<T>
{
    public string Name { get; set; }

    public string Description { get; set; }

    public int Value { get; set; }

    public IEnumerable<T> Children { get; set; }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        return Hash.Base
            .HashObject(this.Name)
            .HashObject(this.Description)
            .HashValue(this.Value)
            .HashObject(this.Children);
    }
}

由于泛型类型约束，编译器将确保不使用类调用HashValue。但是没有编译器支持HashObject，因为添加泛型参数也会添加装箱操作。

2014-01-20 23:41:33

重写GetHashCode的最佳算法是什么？

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