我需要一个基本函数来求点到线段的最短距离。你可以随意用任何你想要的语言来编写解决方案;我可以把它翻译成什么我正在使用(Javascript)。
编辑:线段由两个端点定义。线段AB由两点A (x1,y1)和B (x2,y2)定义。我要求的是这条线段到点C (x3,y3)的距离。我的几何技能生疏了,所以我看到的例子让我很困惑,我很遗憾地承认。
我需要一个基本函数来求点到线段的最短距离。你可以随意用任何你想要的语言来编写解决方案;我可以把它翻译成什么我正在使用(Javascript)。
编辑:线段由两个端点定义。线段AB由两点A (x1,y1)和B (x2,y2)定义。我要求的是这条线段到点C (x3,y3)的距离。我的几何技能生疏了,所以我看到的例子让我很困惑,我很遗憾地承认。
当前回答
看起来几乎每个人都在StackOverflow上贡献了一个答案(目前为止有23个答案),所以这里是我对c#的贡献。这主要是基于M. Katz的回答,而Katz的回答又基于Grumdrig的回答。
public struct MyVector
{
private readonly double _x, _y;
// Constructor
public MyVector(double x, double y)
{
_x = x;
_y = y;
}
// Distance from this point to another point, squared
private double DistanceSquared(MyVector otherPoint)
{
double dx = otherPoint._x - this._x;
double dy = otherPoint._y - this._y;
return dx * dx + dy * dy;
}
// Find the distance from this point to a line segment (which is not the same as from this
// point to anywhere on an infinite line). Also returns the closest point.
public double DistanceToLineSegment(MyVector lineSegmentPoint1, MyVector lineSegmentPoint2,
out MyVector closestPoint)
{
return Math.Sqrt(DistanceToLineSegmentSquared(lineSegmentPoint1, lineSegmentPoint2,
out closestPoint));
}
// Same as above, but avoid using Sqrt(), saves a new nanoseconds in cases where you only want
// to compare several distances to find the smallest or largest, but don't need the distance
public double DistanceToLineSegmentSquared(MyVector lineSegmentPoint1,
MyVector lineSegmentPoint2, out MyVector closestPoint)
{
// Compute length of line segment (squared) and handle special case of coincident points
double segmentLengthSquared = lineSegmentPoint1.DistanceSquared(lineSegmentPoint2);
if (segmentLengthSquared < 1E-7f) // Arbitrary "close enough for government work" value
{
closestPoint = lineSegmentPoint1;
return this.DistanceSquared(closestPoint);
}
// Use the magic formula to compute the "projection" of this point on the infinite line
MyVector lineSegment = lineSegmentPoint2 - lineSegmentPoint1;
double t = (this - lineSegmentPoint1).DotProduct(lineSegment) / segmentLengthSquared;
// Handle the two cases where the projection is not on the line segment, and the case where
// the projection is on the segment
if (t <= 0)
closestPoint = lineSegmentPoint1;
else if (t >= 1)
closestPoint = lineSegmentPoint2;
else
closestPoint = lineSegmentPoint1 + (lineSegment * t);
return this.DistanceSquared(closestPoint);
}
public double DotProduct(MyVector otherVector)
{
return this._x * otherVector._x + this._y * otherVector._y;
}
public static MyVector operator +(MyVector leftVector, MyVector rightVector)
{
return new MyVector(leftVector._x + rightVector._x, leftVector._y + rightVector._y);
}
public static MyVector operator -(MyVector leftVector, MyVector rightVector)
{
return new MyVector(leftVector._x - rightVector._x, leftVector._y - rightVector._y);
}
public static MyVector operator *(MyVector aVector, double aScalar)
{
return new MyVector(aVector._x * aScalar, aVector._y * aScalar);
}
// Added using ReSharper due to CodeAnalysis nagging
public bool Equals(MyVector other)
{
return _x.Equals(other._x) && _y.Equals(other._y);
}
public override bool Equals(object obj)
{
if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;
return obj is MyVector && Equals((MyVector) obj);
}
public override int GetHashCode()
{
unchecked
{
return (_x.GetHashCode()*397) ^ _y.GetHashCode();
}
}
public static bool operator ==(MyVector left, MyVector right)
{
return left.Equals(right);
}
public static bool operator !=(MyVector left, MyVector right)
{
return !left.Equals(right);
}
}
这是一个小测试程序。
public static class JustTesting
{
public static void Main()
{
Stopwatch stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
stopwatch.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++)
{
TestIt(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0.70710678118654757);
TestIt(5, 4, 0, 0, 20, 10, 1.3416407864998738);
TestIt(30, 15, 0, 0, 20, 10, 11.180339887498949);
TestIt(-30, 15, 0, 0, 20, 10, 33.541019662496844);
TestIt(5, 1, 0, 0, 10, 0, 1.0);
TestIt(1, 5, 0, 0, 0, 10, 1.0);
}
stopwatch.Stop();
TimeSpan timeSpan = stopwatch.Elapsed;
}
private static void TestIt(float aPointX, float aPointY,
float lineSegmentPoint1X, float lineSegmentPoint1Y,
float lineSegmentPoint2X, float lineSegmentPoint2Y,
double expectedAnswer)
{
// Katz
double d1 = DistanceFromPointToLineSegment(new MyVector(aPointX, aPointY),
new MyVector(lineSegmentPoint1X, lineSegmentPoint1Y),
new MyVector(lineSegmentPoint2X, lineSegmentPoint2Y));
Debug.Assert(d1 == expectedAnswer);
/*
// Katz using squared distance
double d2 = DistanceFromPointToLineSegmentSquared(new MyVector(aPointX, aPointY),
new MyVector(lineSegmentPoint1X, lineSegmentPoint1Y),
new MyVector(lineSegmentPoint2X, lineSegmentPoint2Y));
Debug.Assert(Math.Abs(d2 - expectedAnswer * expectedAnswer) < 1E-7f);
*/
/*
// Matti (optimized)
double d3 = FloatVector.DistanceToLineSegment(new PointF(aPointX, aPointY),
new PointF(lineSegmentPoint1X, lineSegmentPoint1Y),
new PointF(lineSegmentPoint2X, lineSegmentPoint2Y));
Debug.Assert(Math.Abs(d3 - expectedAnswer) < 1E-7f);
*/
}
private static double DistanceFromPointToLineSegment(MyVector aPoint,
MyVector lineSegmentPoint1, MyVector lineSegmentPoint2)
{
MyVector closestPoint; // Not used
return aPoint.DistanceToLineSegment(lineSegmentPoint1, lineSegmentPoint2,
out closestPoint);
}
private static double DistanceFromPointToLineSegmentSquared(MyVector aPoint,
MyVector lineSegmentPoint1, MyVector lineSegmentPoint2)
{
MyVector closestPoint; // Not used
return aPoint.DistanceToLineSegmentSquared(lineSegmentPoint1, lineSegmentPoint2,
out closestPoint);
}
}
如您所见,我试图衡量使用避免Sqrt()方法的版本与使用普通版本之间的差异。我的测试表明你可能可以节省2.5%,但我甚至不确定——各种测试运行中的变化是相同的数量级。我还试着测量了Matti发布的版本(加上一个明显的优化),该版本似乎比基于Katz/Grumdrig代码的版本慢了大约4%。
编辑:顺便说一句,我还尝试过测量一种方法,该方法使用叉乘(和平方根())来查找到无限直线(不是线段)的距离,它大约快32%。
其他回答
下面是devnullicus转换为c#的c++版本。对于我的实现,我需要知道交叉点,并找到他的解决方案。
public static bool PointSegmentDistanceSquared(PointF point, PointF lineStart, PointF lineEnd, out double distance, out PointF intersectPoint)
{
const double kMinSegmentLenSquared = 0.00000001; // adjust to suit. If you use float, you'll probably want something like 0.000001f
const double kEpsilon = 1.0E-14; // adjust to suit. If you use floats, you'll probably want something like 1E-7f
double dX = lineEnd.X - lineStart.X;
double dY = lineEnd.Y - lineStart.Y;
double dp1X = point.X - lineStart.X;
double dp1Y = point.Y - lineStart.Y;
double segLenSquared = (dX * dX) + (dY * dY);
double t = 0.0;
if (segLenSquared >= -kMinSegmentLenSquared && segLenSquared <= kMinSegmentLenSquared)
{
// segment is a point.
intersectPoint = lineStart;
t = 0.0;
distance = ((dp1X * dp1X) + (dp1Y * dp1Y));
}
else
{
// Project a line from p to the segment [p1,p2]. By considering the line
// extending the segment, parameterized as p1 + (t * (p2 - p1)),
// we find projection of point p onto the line.
// It falls where t = [(p - p1) . (p2 - p1)] / |p2 - p1|^2
t = ((dp1X * dX) + (dp1Y * dY)) / segLenSquared;
if (t < kEpsilon)
{
// intersects at or to the "left" of first segment vertex (lineStart.X, lineStart.Y). If t is approximately 0.0, then
// intersection is at p1. If t is less than that, then there is no intersection (i.e. p is not within
// the 'bounds' of the segment)
if (t > -kEpsilon)
{
// intersects at 1st segment vertex
t = 0.0;
}
// set our 'intersection' point to p1.
intersectPoint = lineStart;
// Note: If you wanted the ACTUAL intersection point of where the projected lines would intersect if
// we were doing PointLineDistanceSquared, then intersectPoint.X would be (lineStart.X + (t * dx)) and intersectPoint.Y would be (lineStart.Y + (t * dy)).
}
else if (t > (1.0 - kEpsilon))
{
// intersects at or to the "right" of second segment vertex (lineEnd.X, lineEnd.Y). If t is approximately 1.0, then
// intersection is at p2. If t is greater than that, then there is no intersection (i.e. p is not within
// the 'bounds' of the segment)
if (t < (1.0 + kEpsilon))
{
// intersects at 2nd segment vertex
t = 1.0;
}
// set our 'intersection' point to p2.
intersectPoint = lineEnd;
// Note: If you wanted the ACTUAL intersection point of where the projected lines would intersect if
// we were doing PointLineDistanceSquared, then intersectPoint.X would be (lineStart.X + (t * dx)) and intersectPoint.Y would be (lineStart.Y + (t * dy)).
}
else
{
// The projection of the point to the point on the segment that is perpendicular succeeded and the point
// is 'within' the bounds of the segment. Set the intersection point as that projected point.
intersectPoint = new PointF((float)(lineStart.X + (t * dX)), (float)(lineStart.Y + (t * dY)));
}
// return the squared distance from p to the intersection point. Note that we return the squared distance
// as an optimization because many times you just need to compare relative distances and the squared values
// works fine for that. If you want the ACTUAL distance, just take the square root of this value.
double dpqX = point.X - intersectPoint.X;
double dpqY = point.Y - intersectPoint.Y;
distance = ((dpqX * dpqX) + (dpqY * dpqY));
}
return true;
}
这是一个自成体系的Delphi / Pascal版本的函数,基于上面约书亚的答案。使用TPoint用于VCL屏幕图形,但应该易于根据需要进行调整。
function DistancePtToSegment( pt, pt1, pt2: TPoint): double;
var
a, b, c, d: double;
len_sq: double;
param: double;
xx, yy: double;
dx, dy: double;
begin
a := pt.x - pt1.x;
b := pt.y - pt1.y;
c := pt2.x - pt1.x;
d := pt2.y - pt1.y;
len_sq := (c * c) + (d * d);
param := -1;
if (len_sq <> 0) then
begin
param := ((a * c) + (b * d)) / len_sq;
end;
if param < 0 then
begin
xx := pt1.x;
yy := pt1.y;
end
else if param > 1 then
begin
xx := pt2.x;
yy := pt2.y;
end
else begin
xx := pt1.x + param * c;
yy := pt1.y + param * d;
end;
dx := pt.x - xx;
dy := pt.y - yy;
result := sqrt( (dx * dx) + (dy * dy))
end;
C#
改编自@Grumdrig
public static double MinimumDistanceToLineSegment(this Point p,
Line line)
{
var v = line.StartPoint;
var w = line.EndPoint;
double lengthSquared = DistanceSquared(v, w);
if (lengthSquared == 0.0)
return Distance(p, v);
double t = Math.Max(0, Math.Min(1, DotProduct(p - v, w - v) / lengthSquared));
var projection = v + t * (w - v);
return Distance(p, projection);
}
public static double Distance(Point a, Point b)
{
return Math.Sqrt(DistanceSquared(a, b));
}
public static double DistanceSquared(Point a, Point b)
{
var d = a - b;
return DotProduct(d, d);
}
public static double DotProduct(Point a, Point b)
{
return (a.X * b.X) + (a.Y * b.Y);
}
公认的答案行不通 (例如,0,0和(-10,2,10,2)之间的距离应为2)。
下面是工作代码:
def dist2line2(x,y,line):
x1,y1,x2,y2=line
vx = x1 - x
vy = y1 - y
ux = x2-x1
uy = y2-y1
length = ux * ux + uy * uy
det = (-vx * ux) + (-vy * uy) #//if this is < 0 or > length then its outside the line segment
if det < 0:
return (x1 - x)**2 + (y1 - y)**2
if det > length:
return (x2 - x)**2 + (y2 - y)**2
det = ux * vy - uy * vx
return det**2 / length
def dist2line(x,y,line): return math.sqrt(dist2line2(x,y,line))
对于感兴趣的人,这里是Joshua的Javascript代码到Objective-C的简单转换:
- (double)distanceToPoint:(CGPoint)p fromLineSegmentBetween:(CGPoint)l1 and:(CGPoint)l2
{
double A = p.x - l1.x;
double B = p.y - l1.y;
double C = l2.x - l1.x;
double D = l2.y - l1.y;
double dot = A * C + B * D;
double len_sq = C * C + D * D;
double param = dot / len_sq;
double xx, yy;
if (param < 0 || (l1.x == l2.x && l1.y == l2.y)) {
xx = l1.x;
yy = l1.y;
}
else if (param > 1) {
xx = l2.x;
yy = l2.y;
}
else {
xx = l1.x + param * C;
yy = l1.y + param * D;
}
double dx = p.x - xx;
double dy = p.y - yy;
return sqrtf(dx * dx + dy * dy);
}
我需要这个解决方案与MKMapPoint一起工作,所以我将分享它,以防其他人需要它。只是一些小的改变,这将返回米为单位的距离:
- (double)distanceToPoint:(MKMapPoint)p fromLineSegmentBetween:(MKMapPoint)l1 and:(MKMapPoint)l2
{
double A = p.x - l1.x;
double B = p.y - l1.y;
double C = l2.x - l1.x;
double D = l2.y - l1.y;
double dot = A * C + B * D;
double len_sq = C * C + D * D;
double param = dot / len_sq;
double xx, yy;
if (param < 0 || (l1.x == l2.x && l1.y == l2.y)) {
xx = l1.x;
yy = l1.y;
}
else if (param > 1) {
xx = l2.x;
yy = l2.y;
}
else {
xx = l1.x + param * C;
yy = l1.y + param * D;
}
return MKMetersBetweenMapPoints(p, MKMapPointMake(xx, yy));
}