异常类就像“正常”类。当一个新类“是”一个不同类型的对象，具有不同的字段和不同的操作时，您可以创建一个新类。

As a rule of thumb, you should try balance between the number of exceptions and the granularity of the exceptions. If your method throws more than 4-5 different exceptions, you can probably merge some of them into more "general" exceptions, (e.g. in your case "AuthenticationFailedException"), and using the exception message to detail what went wrong. Unless your code handles each of them differently, you needn't creates many exception classes. And if it does, may you should just return an enum with the error that occured. It's a bit cleaner this way.

异常与返回错误代码参数应该是关于流控制的，而不是哲学(错误有多“异常”):

void f1() throws ExceptionType1, ExceptionType2 {}

void catchFunction() {
  try{
    while(someCondition){
      try{
        f1(); 
      }catch(ExceptionType2 e2){
        //do something, don't break the loop
      }
    }
  }catch(ExceptionType1 e1){
    //break the loop, do something else
  }

}

You may use a little bit generic exceptions for that conditions. For e.g. ArgumentException is meant to be used when anything goes wrong with the parameters to a method (with the exception of ArgumentNullException). Generally you would not need exceptions like LessThanZeroException, NotPrimeNumberException etc. Think of the user of your method. The number of the conditions that she will want to handle specifically is equal to the number of the type of the exceptions that your method needs to throw. This way, you can determine how detailed exceptions you will have.

顺便说一下，总是尝试为库的用户提供一些避免异常的方法。TryParse就是一个很好的例子，它的存在使你不必使用int。解析并捕获异常。在您的情况下，您可能希望提供一些方法来检查用户名是否有效或密码是否正确，这样您的用户(或您)就不必进行大量异常处理。这将有望产生更易于阅读的代码和更好的性能。

其他人建议不应该使用异常，因为在正常流程中，如果用户输入错误，就会出现错误的登录。我不同意，我不明白其中的道理。与打开文件相比。如果该文件不存在或由于某种原因不可用，则框架将抛出异常。使用上述逻辑是微软的一个错误。他们应该返回一个错误代码。解析、webrequest等也一样。

I don't consider a bad login part of a normal flow, it's exceptional. Normally the user types the correct password, and the file does exist. The exceptional cases are exceptional and it's perfectly fine to use exceptions for those. Complicating your code by propagating return values through n levels up the stack is a waste of energy and will result in messy code. Do the simplest thing that could possibly work. Don't prematurely optimize by using error codes, exceptional stuff by definition rarely happens, and exceptions don't cost anything unless you throw them.

以下是我的建议:

我不认为这总是一个抛出异常的好方法，因为它将花费更多的时间和内存来处理这样的异常。

在我看来，如果某些事情可以用“友好、礼貌”的方式处理(这意味着如果我们可以“通过使用if......或类似的东西来预测这样的错误)，我们应该避免使用“异常”，而只是返回一个像“false”这样的标志，用一个外部参数值告诉他/她详细的原因。

举个例子，我们可以这样创建一个类:

public class ValueReturnWithInfo<T>
{
   public T Value{get;private set;}
   public string errorMsg{get;private set;}
   public ValueReturnWithInfo(T value,string errmsg)
   {
      Value = value;
      errMsg = errmsg;
   }
}

我们可以使用这种“多值返回”类来代替错误，这似乎是处理异常问题的一种更好、更礼貌的方式。

但是，请注意，如果一些错误不能如此容易地用"if"......(例如FileIO异常)描述(这取决于您的编程经验)，则必须抛出异常。

避免抛出异常的主要原因是抛出异常涉及大量开销。

下面这篇文章指出的一件事是，例外是针对异常条件和错误的。

错误的用户名不一定是程序错误，而是用户错误……

下面是关于。net中的异常的一个不错的起点: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms229030 (VS.80) . aspx