我在以下情况下使用goto: 当需要从不同位置的函数返回时，并且在返回之前需要进行一些初始化:

non-goto版本:

int doSomething (struct my_complicated_stuff *ctx)    
{
    db_conn *conn;
    RSA *key;
    char *temp_data;
    conn = db_connect();  


    if (ctx->smth->needs_alloc) {
      temp_data=malloc(ctx->some_size);
      if (!temp_data) {
        db_disconnect(conn);
        return -1;      
        }
    }

    ...

    if (!ctx->smth->needs_to_be_processed) {
        free(temp_data);    
        db_disconnect(conn);    
        return -2;
    }

    pthread_mutex_lock(ctx->mutex);

    if (ctx->some_other_thing->error) {
        pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
        free(temp_data);
        db_disconnect(conn);        
        return -3;  
    }

    ...

    key=rsa_load_key(....);

    ...

    if (ctx->something_else->error) {
         rsa_free(key); 
         pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
         free(temp_data);
         db_disconnect(conn);       
         return -4;  
    }

    if (ctx->something_else->additional_check) {
         rsa_free(key); 
         pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
         free(temp_data);
         db_disconnect(conn);       
         return -5;  
    }


    pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
    free(temp_data);    
    db_disconnect(conn);    
    return 0;     
}

goto版本:

int doSomething_goto (struct my_complicated_stuff *ctx)
{
    int ret=0;
    db_conn *conn;
    RSA *key;
    char *temp_data;
    conn = db_connect();  


    if (ctx->smth->needs_alloc) {
      temp_data=malloc(ctx->some_size);
      if (!temp_data) {
            ret=-1;
           goto exit_db;   
          }
    }

    ...

    if (!ctx->smth->needs_to_be_processed) {
        ret=-2;
        goto exit_freetmp;      
    }

    pthread_mutex_lock(ctx->mutex);

    if (ctx->some_other_thing->error) {
        ret=-3;
        goto exit;  
    }

    ...

    key=rsa_load_key(....);

    ...

    if (ctx->something_else->error) {
        ret=-4;
        goto exit_freekey; 
    }

    if (ctx->something_else->additional_check) {
        ret=-5;
        goto exit_freekey;  
    }

exit_freekey:
    rsa_free(key);
exit:    
    pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
exit_freetmp:
    free(temp_data);        
exit_db:
    db_disconnect(conn);    
    return ret;     
}

当您需要更改释放语句中的某些内容时(每个语句在代码中使用一次)，第二个版本使它变得更容易，并减少了在添加新分支时跳过其中任何一个语句的机会。在函数中移动它们在这里不会有帮助，因为可以在不同的“级别”进行释放。

goto不好的一个原因是，除了编码风格之外，你可以用它来创建重叠但非嵌套的循环:

loop1:
  a
loop2:
  b
  if(cond1) goto loop1
  c
  if(cond2) goto loop2

这将创建一个奇怪的，但可能是合法的流控制结构，其中可能有(a, b, c, b, a, b, a, b, b，…)这样的序列，这让编译器黑客不高兴。显然，有许多聪明的优化技巧依赖于这种类型的结构不发生。(我应该检查一下我的龙书……)这样做的结果(使用一些编译器)可能是对包含gotos的代码没有进行其他优化。

如果你知道它只是“哦，顺便说一下”，恰好说服编译器发出更快的代码，那么它可能会很有用。就我个人而言，我更喜欢在使用像goto这样的技巧之前尝试向编译器解释什么是可能的，什么是不可能的，但可以说，我也可能在破解汇编程序之前尝试goto。

1) The most common use of goto that I know of is emulating exception handling in languages that don't offer it, namely in C. (The code given by Nuclear above is just that.) Look at the Linux source code and you'll see a bazillion gotos used that way; there were about 100,000 gotos in Linux code according to a quick survey conducted in 2013: http://blog.regehr.org/archives/894. Goto usage is even mentioned in the Linux coding style guide: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/CodingStyle. Just like object-oriented programming is emulated using structs populated with function pointers, goto has its place in C programming. So who is right: Dijkstra or Linus (and all Linux kernel coders)? It's theory vs. practice basically.

There is however the usual gotcha for not having compiler-level support and checks for common constructs/patterns: it's easier to use them wrong and introduce bugs without compile-time checks. Windows and Visual C++ but in C mode offer exception handling via SEH/VEH for this very reason: exceptions are useful even outside OOP languages, i.e. in a procedural language. But the compiler can't always save your bacon, even if it offers syntactic support for exceptions in the language. Consider as example of the latter case the famous Apple SSL "goto fail" bug, which just duplicated one goto with disastrous consequences (https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/02/22/applebug.html):

if (something())
  goto fail;
  goto fail; // copypasta bug
printf("Never reached\n");
fail:
  // control jumps here

使用编译器支持的异常也会出现同样的错误，例如在c++中:

struct Fail {};

try {
  if (something())
    throw Fail();
    throw Fail(); // copypasta bug
  printf("Never reached\n");
}
catch (Fail&) {
  // control jumps here
}

But both variants of the bug can be avoided if the compiler analyzes and warns you about unreachable code. For example compiling with Visual C++ at the /W4 warning level finds the bug in both cases. Java for instance forbids unreachable code (where it can find it!) for a pretty good reason: it's likely to be a bug in the average Joe's code. As long as the goto construct doesn't allow targets that the compiler can't easily figure out, like gotos to computed addresses(**), it's not any harder for the compiler to find unreachable code inside a function with gotos than using Dijkstra-approved code.

(**) Footnote: Gotos to computed line numbers are possible in some versions of Basic, e.g. GOTO 10*x where x is a variable. Rather confusingly, in Fortran "computed goto" refers to a construct that is equivalent to a switch statement in C. Standard C doesn't allow computed gotos in the language, but only gotos to statically/syntactically declared labels. GNU C however has an extension to get the address of a label (the unary, prefix && operator) and also allows a goto to a variable of type void*. See https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Labels-as-Values.html for more on this obscure sub-topic. The rest of this post ins't concerned with that obscure GNU C feature.

标准C(即未计算的)goto通常不是无法在编译时找到不可达代码的原因。通常的原因是如下所示的逻辑代码。鉴于

int computation1() {
  return 1;
}

int computation2() {
  return computation1();
}

对于编译器来说，在以下3种结构中找到不可访问的代码同样困难:

void tough1() {
  if (computation1() != computation2())
    printf("Unreachable\n");
}

void tough2() {
  if (computation1() == computation2())
    goto out;
  printf("Unreachable\n");
out:;
}

struct Out{};

void tough3() {
  try {
    if (computation1() == computation2())
      throw Out();
    printf("Unreachable\n");
  }
  catch (Out&) {
  }
}

(请原谅我使用了与大括号相关的编码风格，但我试图使示例尽可能紧凑。)

Visual c++ /W4(即使使用/Ox)也无法在这些类型中找到无法到达的代码，而且正如您可能知道的那样，寻找无法到达的代码的问题通常是无法确定的。(如果你不相信我的话:https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/2006/OptComp/slides/lecture02.pdf)

As a related issue, the C goto can be used to emulate exceptions only inside the body of a function. The standard C library offers a setjmp() and longjmp() pair of functions for emulating non-local exits/exceptions, but those have some serious drawbacks compared to what other languages offer. The Wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setjmp.h explains fairly well this latter issue. This function pair also works on Windows (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/yz2ez4as.aspx), but hardly anyone uses them there because SEH/VEH is superior. Even on Unix, I think setjmp and longjmp are very seldom used.

2) I think the second most common use of goto in C is implementing multi-level break or multi-level continue, which is also a fairly uncontroversial use case. Recall that Java doesn't allow goto label, but allows break label or continue label. According to http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/simple-142616.html, this is actually the most common use case of gotos in C (90% they say), but in my subjective experience, system code tends to use gotos for error handling more often. Perhaps in scientific code or where the OS offers exception handling (Windows) then multi-level exits are the dominant use case. They don't really give any details as to the context of their survey.

编辑补充:这两种使用模式出现在Kernighan和Ritchie的C语言书的第60页左右(取决于版本)。另一件值得注意的事情是，这两个用例都只涉及forward goto。MISRA C 2012版(不像2004版)现在允许goto，只要它们是向前的。

在Perl模块中，有时希望动态地创建子例程或闭包。问题是，一旦你创建了子例程，你如何得到它。你可以直接调用它，但是如果子例程使用caller()，那么它就没有那么有用了。这就是goto &子例程变化可能有用的地方。

这里有一个简单的例子:

sub AUTOLOAD{
  my($self) = @_;
  my $name = $AUTOLOAD;
  $name =~ s/.*:://;

  *{$name} = my($sub) = sub{
    # the body of the closure
  }

  goto $sub;

  # nothing after the goto will ever be executed.
}

您还可以使用这种形式的goto来提供尾部调用优化的基本形式。

sub factorial($){
  my($n,$tally) = (@_,1);

  return $tally if $n <= 1;

  $tally *= $n--;
  @_ = ($n,$tally);
  goto &factorial;
}

(在Perl 5 version 16中，最好写成goto __SUB__;)

有一个模块会导入尾修饰符，如果你不喜欢使用这种形式的goto，还有一个模块会导入递归。

use Sub::Call::Tail;
sub AUTOLOAD {
  ...
  tail &$sub( @_ );
}

use Sub::Call::Recur;
sub factorial($){
  my($n,$tally) = (@_,1);

  return $tally if $n <= 1;
  recur( $n-1, $tally * $n );
}

使用goto的大多数其他原因都可以用其他关键字更好地完成。

比如重写一段代码:

LABEL: ;
...
goto LABEL if $x;

{
  ...
  redo if $x;
}

或者从多个地方找到最后一段代码:

goto LABEL if $x;
...
goto LABEL if $y;
...
LABEL: ;

{
  last if $x;
  ...
  last if $y
  ...
}

我在以下情况下使用goto: 当需要从不同位置的函数返回时，并且在返回之前需要进行一些初始化:

non-goto版本:

int doSomething (struct my_complicated_stuff *ctx)    
{
    db_conn *conn;
    RSA *key;
    char *temp_data;
    conn = db_connect();  


    if (ctx->smth->needs_alloc) {
      temp_data=malloc(ctx->some_size);
      if (!temp_data) {
        db_disconnect(conn);
        return -1;      
        }
    }

    ...

    if (!ctx->smth->needs_to_be_processed) {
        free(temp_data);    
        db_disconnect(conn);    
        return -2;
    }

    pthread_mutex_lock(ctx->mutex);

    if (ctx->some_other_thing->error) {
        pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
        free(temp_data);
        db_disconnect(conn);        
        return -3;  
    }

    ...

    key=rsa_load_key(....);

    ...

    if (ctx->something_else->error) {
         rsa_free(key); 
         pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
         free(temp_data);
         db_disconnect(conn);       
         return -4;  
    }

    if (ctx->something_else->additional_check) {
         rsa_free(key); 
         pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
         free(temp_data);
         db_disconnect(conn);       
         return -5;  
    }


    pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
    free(temp_data);    
    db_disconnect(conn);    
    return 0;     
}

goto版本:

int doSomething_goto (struct my_complicated_stuff *ctx)
{
    int ret=0;
    db_conn *conn;
    RSA *key;
    char *temp_data;
    conn = db_connect();  


    if (ctx->smth->needs_alloc) {
      temp_data=malloc(ctx->some_size);
      if (!temp_data) {
            ret=-1;
           goto exit_db;   
          }
    }

    ...

    if (!ctx->smth->needs_to_be_processed) {
        ret=-2;
        goto exit_freetmp;      
    }

    pthread_mutex_lock(ctx->mutex);

    if (ctx->some_other_thing->error) {
        ret=-3;
        goto exit;  
    }

    ...

    key=rsa_load_key(....);

    ...

    if (ctx->something_else->error) {
        ret=-4;
        goto exit_freekey; 
    }

    if (ctx->something_else->additional_check) {
        ret=-5;
        goto exit_freekey;  
    }

exit_freekey:
    rsa_free(key);
exit:    
    pthread_mutex_unlock(ctx->mutex);
exit_freetmp:
    free(temp_data);        
exit_db:
    db_disconnect(conn);    
    return ret;     
}

当您需要更改释放语句中的某些内容时(每个语句在代码中使用一次)，第二个版本使它变得更容易，并减少了在添加新分支时跳过其中任何一个语句的机会。在函数中移动它们在这里不会有帮助，因为可以在不同的“级别”进行释放。

盲目地遵循最佳实践并不是最佳实践。避免将goto语句作为流控制的主要形式是为了避免产生难以阅读的意大利面条代码。如果在正确的地方谨慎使用，它们有时可以成为表达想法的最简单、最清晰的方式。Walter Bright, Zortech c++编译器和D编程语言的创造者，经常使用它们，但很明智。即使使用了goto语句，他的代码仍然完全可读。

底线:为了避免去那里而避免去那里是毫无意义的。您真正需要避免的是生成不可读的代码。如果充满goto的代码是可读的，那么它就没有任何问题。