更新:

再次感谢你的例子,它们对我很有帮助,我并不是说 夺走他们的一切。

Aren't the currently given examples, as far as I understand them & state-machines, only half of what we usually understand by a state-machine? In the sense that the examples do change state but that's only represented by changing the value of a variable (and allowing different value- changes in different states), while usually, a state machine should also change its behavior, and behavior not (only) in the sense of allowing different value changes for a variable depending on the state, but in the sense of allowing different methods to be executed for different states.

还是我对状态机及其常用用法有误解?


最初的问题:

我发现了关于c#中的状态机和迭代器块的讨论,以及用于创建状态机和c#的工具,所以我发现了很多抽象的东西,但作为一个新手,所有这些都有点令人困惑。

因此,如果有人能提供一个c#源代码-示例,实现一个简单的状态机,可能只有3,4个状态,那就太好了,只是为了了解它的要点。


当前回答

在网上找到了这个很棒的教程,它帮助我理解了有限状态机。

http://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/tutorials/finite-state-machines-theory-and-implementation--gamedev-11867

本教程是语言无关的,所以它可以很容易地适应您的c#需求。

而且,所使用的例子(一只蚂蚁寻找食物)很容易理解。

来自教程:

public class FSM {
    private var activeState :Function; // points to the currently active state function

    public function FSM() {
    }

    public function setState(state :Function) :void {
        activeState = state;
    }

    public function update() :void {
        if (activeState != null) {
            activeState();
        }
    }
}


public class Ant
{
    public var position   :Vector3D;
    public var velocity   :Vector3D;
    public var brain      :FSM;

    public function Ant(posX :Number, posY :Number) {
        position    = new Vector3D(posX, posY);
        velocity    = new Vector3D( -1, -1);
        brain       = new FSM();

        // Tell the brain to start looking for the leaf.
        brain.setState(findLeaf);
    }

    /**
    * The "findLeaf" state.
    * It makes the ant move towards the leaf.
    */
    public function findLeaf() :void {
        // Move the ant towards the leaf.
        velocity = new Vector3D(Game.instance.leaf.x - position.x, Game.instance.leaf.y - position.y);

        if (distance(Game.instance.leaf, this) <= 10) {
            // The ant is extremelly close to the leaf, it's time
            // to go home.
            brain.setState(goHome);
        }

        if (distance(Game.mouse, this) <= MOUSE_THREAT_RADIUS) {
            // Mouse cursor is threatening us. Let's run away!
            // It will make the brain start calling runAway() from
            // now on.
            brain.setState(runAway);
        }
    }

    /**
    * The "goHome" state.
    * It makes the ant move towards its home.
    */
    public function goHome() :void {
        // Move the ant towards home
        velocity = new Vector3D(Game.instance.home.x - position.x, Game.instance.home.y - position.y);

        if (distance(Game.instance.home, this) <= 10) {
            // The ant is home, let's find the leaf again.
            brain.setState(findLeaf);
        }
    }

    /**
    * The "runAway" state.
    * It makes the ant run away from the mouse cursor.
    */
    public function runAway() :void {
        // Move the ant away from the mouse cursor
        velocity = new Vector3D(position.x - Game.mouse.x, position.y - Game.mouse.y);

        // Is the mouse cursor still close?
        if (distance(Game.mouse, this) > MOUSE_THREAT_RADIUS) {
            // No, the mouse cursor has gone away. Let's go back looking for the leaf.
            brain.setState(findLeaf);
        }
    }

    public function update():void {
        // Update the FSM controlling the "brain". It will invoke the currently
        // active state function: findLeaf(), goHome() or runAway().
        brain.update();

        // Apply the velocity vector to the position, making the ant move.
        moveBasedOnVelocity();
    }

    (...)
}

其他回答

我在这里发布了另一个答案,因为这是从不同的角度来看状态机;非常视觉。

我最初的答案是经典的命令式代码。我认为它在代码运行时非常直观,因为数组使得状态机的可视化变得简单。缺点是你必须把这些都写下来。Remos的回答减轻了编写样板代码的工作量,但远没有那么直观。还有第三种选择;画状态机。

如果您正在使用。net,并且可以将运行时版本4作为目标,那么您可以选择使用工作流的状态机活动。从本质上讲,它们允许您绘制状态机(就像Juliet的图一样),并让WF运行时为您执行它。

有关更多细节,请参阅MSDN文章使用Windows Workflow Foundation构建状态机,以及最新版本的CodePlex站点。

这是我在瞄准。net时更喜欢的选项,因为它很容易看到、更改和向非程序员解释;俗话说,图片胜过千言万语!

今天我将深入学习状态设计模式。 我做了并测试了ThreadState,它等于c#中的线程(+/-),如图所示

你可以很容易地添加新的状态,配置从一个状态移动到另一个状态是非常容易的,因为它封装在状态实现中

实现和使用at:实现。net ThreadState by State设计模式

当我使用像RabbitMQ或Rabbit这样的消息代理时,我也很难使用状态机。

我制作这个视频是为了帮助别人。

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwfngk0YhLs&t=11s&ab_channel=GarryTaylor

代码来自这个Github回购

https://github.com/welhell/masstransit-saga-example

我刚刚贡献了这个:

https://code.google.com/p/ysharp/source/browse/#svn%2Ftrunk%2FStateMachinesPoC

下面是演示直接和间接发送命令的例子之一,状态为IObserver(信号),因此响应者对信号源IObservable(信号):

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Test
{
    using Machines;

    public static class WatchingTvSampleAdvanced
    {
        // Enum type for the transition triggers (instead of System.String) :
        public enum TvOperation { Plug, SwitchOn, SwitchOff, Unplug, Dispose }

        // The state machine class type is also used as the type for its possible states constants :
        public class Television : NamedState<Television, TvOperation, DateTime>
        {
            // Declare all the possible states constants :
            public static readonly Television Unplugged = new Television("(Unplugged TV)");
            public static readonly Television Off = new Television("(TV Off)");
            public static readonly Television On = new Television("(TV On)");
            public static readonly Television Disposed = new Television("(Disposed TV)");

            // For convenience, enter the default start state when the parameterless constructor executes :
            public Television() : this(Television.Unplugged) { }

            // To create a state machine instance, with a given start state :
            private Television(Television value) : this(null, value) { }

            // To create a possible state constant :
            private Television(string moniker) : this(moniker, null) { }

            private Television(string moniker, Television value)
            {
                if (moniker == null)
                {
                    // Build the state graph programmatically
                    // (instead of declaratively via custom attributes) :
                    Handler<Television, TvOperation, DateTime> stateChangeHandler = StateChange;
                    Build
                    (
                        new[]
                        {
                            new { From = Television.Unplugged, When = TvOperation.Plug, Goto = Television.Off, With = stateChangeHandler },
                            new { From = Television.Unplugged, When = TvOperation.Dispose, Goto = Television.Disposed, With = stateChangeHandler },
                            new { From = Television.Off, When = TvOperation.SwitchOn, Goto = Television.On, With = stateChangeHandler },
                            new { From = Television.Off, When = TvOperation.Unplug, Goto = Television.Unplugged, With = stateChangeHandler },
                            new { From = Television.Off, When = TvOperation.Dispose, Goto = Television.Disposed, With = stateChangeHandler },
                            new { From = Television.On, When = TvOperation.SwitchOff, Goto = Television.Off, With = stateChangeHandler },
                            new { From = Television.On, When = TvOperation.Unplug, Goto = Television.Unplugged, With = stateChangeHandler },
                            new { From = Television.On, When = TvOperation.Dispose, Goto = Television.Disposed, With = stateChangeHandler }
                        },
                        false
                    );
                }
                else
                    // Name the state constant :
                    Moniker = moniker;
                Start(value ?? this);
            }

            // Because the states' value domain is a reference type, disallow the null value for any start state value : 
            protected override void OnStart(Television value)
            {
                if (value == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException("value", "cannot be null");
            }

            // When reaching a final state, unsubscribe from all the signal source(s), if any :
            protected override void OnComplete(bool stateComplete)
            {
                // Holds during all transitions into a final state
                // (i.e., stateComplete implies IsFinal) :
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(!stateComplete || IsFinal);

                if (stateComplete)
                    UnsubscribeFromAll();
            }

            // Executed before and after every state transition :
            private void StateChange(IState<Television> state, ExecutionStep step, Television value, TvOperation info, DateTime args)
            {
                // Holds during all possible transitions defined in the state graph
                // (i.e., (step equals ExecutionStep.LeaveState) implies (not state.IsFinal))
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert((step != ExecutionStep.LeaveState) || !state.IsFinal);

                // Holds in instance (i.e., non-static) transition handlers like this one :
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(this == state);

                switch (step)
                {
                    case ExecutionStep.LeaveState:
                        var timeStamp = ((args != default(DateTime)) ? String.Format("\t\t(@ {0})", args) : String.Empty);
                        Console.WriteLine();
                        // 'value' is the state value that we are transitioning TO :
                        Console.WriteLine("\tLeave :\t{0} -- {1} -> {2}{3}", this, info, value, timeStamp);
                        break;
                    case ExecutionStep.EnterState:
                        // 'value' is the state value that we have transitioned FROM :
                        Console.WriteLine("\tEnter :\t{0} -- {1} -> {2}", value, info, this);
                        break;
                    default:
                        break;
                }
            }

            public override string ToString() { return (IsConstant ? Moniker : Value.ToString()); }
        }

        public static void Run()
        {
            Console.Clear();

            // Create a signal source instance (here, a.k.a. "remote control") that implements
            // IObservable<TvOperation> and IObservable<KeyValuePair<TvOperation, DateTime>> :
            var remote = new SignalSource<TvOperation, DateTime>();

            // Create a television state machine instance (automatically set in a default start state),
            // and make it subscribe to a compatible signal source, such as the remote control, precisely :
            var tv = new Television().Using(remote);
            bool done;

            // Always holds, assuming the call to Using(...) didn't throw an exception (in case of subscription failure) :
            System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(tv != null, "There's a bug somewhere: this message should never be displayed!");

            // As commonly done, we can trigger a transition directly on the state machine :
            tv.MoveNext(TvOperation.Plug, DateTime.Now);

            // Alternatively, we can also trigger transitions by emitting from the signal source / remote control
            // that the state machine subscribed to / is an observer of :
            remote.Emit(TvOperation.SwitchOn, DateTime.Now);
            remote.Emit(TvOperation.SwitchOff);
            remote.Emit(TvOperation.SwitchOn);
            remote.Emit(TvOperation.SwitchOff, DateTime.Now);

            done =
                (
                    tv.
                        MoveNext(TvOperation.Unplug).
                        MoveNext(TvOperation.Dispose) // MoveNext(...) returns null iff tv.IsFinal == true
                    == null
                );

            remote.Emit(TvOperation.Unplug); // Ignored by the state machine thanks to the OnComplete(...) override above

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("Is the TV's state '{0}' a final state? {1}", tv.Value, done);

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("Press any key...");
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}

注意:这个例子是相当人工的,主要是为了演示一些正交的特征。应该很少有真正需要通过一个完整的类来实现状态值域本身,使用CRTP(参见:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern)。

下面是一个当然更简单,可能更常见的实现用例(使用一个简单的枚举类型作为状态值域),用于相同的状态机,并使用相同的测试用例:

https://code.google.com/p/ysharp/source/browse/trunk/StateMachinesPoC/WatchingTVSample.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Test
{
    using Machines;

    public static class WatchingTvSample
    {
        public enum Status { Unplugged, Off, On, Disposed }

        public class DeviceTransitionAttribute : TransitionAttribute
        {
            public Status From { get; set; }
            public string When { get; set; }
            public Status Goto { get; set; }
            public object With { get; set; }
        }

        // State<Status> is a shortcut for / derived from State<Status, string>,
        // which in turn is a shortcut for / derived from State<Status, string, object> :
        public class Device : State<Status>
        {
            // Executed before and after every state transition :
            protected override void OnChange(ExecutionStep step, Status value, string info, object args)
            {
                if (step == ExecutionStep.EnterState)
                {
                    // 'value' is the state value that we have transitioned FROM :
                    Console.WriteLine("\t{0} -- {1} -> {2}", value, info, this);
                }
            }

            public override string ToString() { return Value.ToString(); }
        }

        // Since 'Device' has no state graph of its own, define one for derived 'Television' :
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.Unplugged, When = "Plug", Goto = Status.Off)]
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.Unplugged, When = "Dispose", Goto = Status.Disposed)]
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.Off, When = "Switch On", Goto = Status.On)]
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.Off, When = "Unplug", Goto = Status.Unplugged)]
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.Off, When = "Dispose", Goto = Status.Disposed)]
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.On, When = "Switch Off", Goto = Status.Off)]
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.On, When = "Unplug", Goto = Status.Unplugged)]
        [DeviceTransition(From = Status.On, When = "Dispose", Goto = Status.Disposed)]
        public class Television : Device { }

        public static void Run()
        {
            Console.Clear();

            // Create a television state machine instance, and return it, set in some start state :
            var tv = new Television().Start(Status.Unplugged);
            bool done;

            // Holds iff the chosen start state isn't a final state :
            System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(tv != null, "The chosen start state is a final state!");

            // Trigger some state transitions with no arguments
            // ('args' is ignored by this state machine's OnChange(...), anyway) :
            done =
                (
                    tv.
                        MoveNext("Plug").
                        MoveNext("Switch On").
                        MoveNext("Switch Off").
                        MoveNext("Switch On").
                        MoveNext("Switch Off").
                        MoveNext("Unplug").
                        MoveNext("Dispose") // MoveNext(...) returns null iff tv.IsFinal == true
                    == null
                );

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("Is the TV's state '{0}' a final state? {1}", tv.Value, done);

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("Press any key...");
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}

'HTH

finitestatemmachine是一个简单的状态机,用c# Link编写

使用我的库finitestatemmachine的优点:

定义一个“context”类,向外界呈现一个单独的接口。 定义一个State抽象基类。 将状态机的不同“状态”表示为state基类的派生类。 在适当的State派生类中定义特定于状态的行为。 在“context”类中维护一个指向当前“state”的指针。 要更改状态机的状态,请更改当前的“state”指针。

下载DLL下载

LINQPad上的示例:

void Main()
{
            var machine = new SFM.Machine(new StatePaused());
            var output = machine.Command("Input_Start", Command.Start);
            Console.WriteLine(Command.Start.ToString() + "->  State: " + machine.Current);
            Console.WriteLine(output);

            output = machine.Command("Input_Pause", Command.Pause);
            Console.WriteLine(Command.Pause.ToString() + "->  State: " + machine.Current);
            Console.WriteLine(output);
            Console.WriteLine("-------------------------------------------------");
}
    public enum Command
    {
        Start,
        Pause,
    }

    public class StateActive : SFM.State
    {

        public override void Handle(SFM.IContext context)

        {
            //Gestione parametri
            var input = (String)context.Input;
            context.Output = input;

            //Gestione Navigazione
            if ((Command)context.Command == Command.Pause) context.Next = new StatePaused();
            if ((Command)context.Command == Command.Start) context.Next = this;

        }
    }


public class StatePaused : SFM.State
{

     public override void Handle(SFM.IContext context)

     {

         //Gestione parametri
         var input = (String)context.Input;
         context.Output = input;

         //Gestione Navigazione
         if ((Command)context.Command == Command.Start) context.Next = new  StateActive();
         if ((Command)context.Command == Command.Pause) context.Next = this;


     }

 }