这个答案更像是一个从Rand5函数中获得最大熵的实验。因此，T有点不清楚，几乎可以肯定比其他实现慢得多。

假设0-4为均匀分布，0-6为均匀分布:

public class SevenFromFive
{
  public SevenFromFive()
  {
    // this outputs a uniform ditribution but for some reason including it 
    // screws up the output distribution
    // open question Why?
    this.fifth = new ProbabilityCondensor(5, b => {});
    this.eigth = new ProbabilityCondensor(8, AddEntropy);
  } 

  private static Random r = new Random();
  private static uint Rand5()
  {
    return (uint)r.Next(0,5);
  }

  private class ProbabilityCondensor
  {
    private readonly int samples;
    private int counter;
    private int store;
    private readonly Action<bool> output;

    public ProbabilityCondensor(int chanceOfTrueReciprocal,
      Action<bool> output)
    {
      this.output = output;
      this.samples = chanceOfTrueReciprocal - 1;  
    }

    public void Add(bool bit)
    {
      this.counter++;
      if (bit)
        this.store++;   
      if (counter == samples)
      {
        bool? e;
        if (store == 0)
          e = false;
        else if (store == 1)
          e = true;
        else
          e = null;// discard for now       
        counter = 0;
        store = 0;
        if (e.HasValue)
          output(e.Value);
      }
    }
  }

  ulong buffer = 0;
  const ulong Mask = 7UL;
  int bitsAvail = 0;
  private readonly ProbabilityCondensor fifth;
  private readonly ProbabilityCondensor eigth;

  private void AddEntropy(bool bit)
  {
    buffer <<= 1;
    if (bit)
      buffer |= 1;      
    bitsAvail++;
  }

  private void AddTwoBitsEntropy(uint u)
  {
    buffer <<= 2;
    buffer |= (u & 3UL);    
    bitsAvail += 2;
  }

  public uint Rand7()
  {
    uint selection;   
    do
    {
      while (bitsAvail < 3)
      {
        var x = Rand5();
        if (x < 4)
        {
          // put the two low order bits straight in
          AddTwoBitsEntropy(x);
          fifth.Add(false);
        }
        else
        { 
          fifth.Add(true);
        }
      }
      // read 3 bits
      selection = (uint)((buffer & Mask));
      bitsAvail -= 3;     
      buffer >>= 3;
      if (selection == 7)
        eigth.Add(true);
      else
        eigth.Add(false);
    }
    while (selection == 7);   
    return selection;
  }
}

每次调用Rand5添加到缓冲区的比特数目前是4/5 * 2，所以是1.6。 如果包括1/5的概率值，则增加0.05，因此增加1.65，但请参阅代码中的注释，我不得不禁用它。

调用Rand7消耗的比特数= 3 + 1/8 *(3 + 1/8 *(3 + 1/8 *(… 这是3 + 3/8 + 3/64 + 3/512…大约是3.42

通过从7中提取信息，我每次调用回收1/8*1/7位，大约0.018

这使得每次调用的净消耗为3.4比特，这意味着每一次Rand7调用到Rand5的比率为2.125。最优值应该是2.1。

我可以想象这种方法比这里的许多其他方法都要慢得多，除非调用Rand5的代价非常昂贵(比如调用一些外部熵源)。

假设rand(n)在这里表示“从0到n-1均匀分布的随机整数”，下面是使用Python的randint的代码示例，它具有这种效果。它只使用randint(5)和常量来产生randint(7)的效果。其实有点傻

from random import randint
sum = 7
while sum >= 7:
    first = randint(0,5)   
    toadd = 9999
    while toadd>1:
        toadd = randint(0,5)
    if toadd:
        sum = first+5
    else:
        sum = first

assert 7>sum>=0 
print sum

我不喜欢从1开始的范围，所以我将从0开始:-)

unsigned rand5()
{
    return rand() % 5;
}

unsigned rand7()
{
    int r;

    do
    {
        r =         rand5();
        r = r * 5 + rand5();
        r = r * 5 + rand5();
        r = r * 5 + rand5();
        r = r * 5 + rand5();
        r = r * 5 + rand5();
    } while (r > 15623);

    return r / 2232;
}

int getOneToSeven(){
    int added = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i<=7; i++){
        added += getOneToFive();
    }
    return (added)%7+1;
}

下面使用随机数发生器在{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}上产生均匀分布，在{1,2,3,4,5}上产生均匀分布。代码很混乱，但逻辑很清晰。

public static int random_7(Random rg) {
    int returnValue = 0;
    while (returnValue == 0) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
            returnValue = (returnValue << 1) + SimulateFairCoin(rg);
        }
    }
    return returnValue;
}

private static int SimulateFairCoin(Random rg) {
    while (true) {
        int flipOne = random_5_mod_2(rg);
        int flipTwo = random_5_mod_2(rg);

        if (flipOne == 0 && flipTwo == 1) {
            return 0;
        }
        else if (flipOne == 1 && flipTwo == 0) {
            return 1;
        }
    }
}

private static int random_5_mod_2(Random rg) {
    return random_5(rg) % 2;
}

private static int random_5(Random rg) {
    return rg.Next(5) + 1;
}    

以下是我的回答:

static struct rand_buffer {
  unsigned v, count;
} buf2, buf3;

void push (struct rand_buffer *buf, unsigned n, unsigned v)
{
  buf->v = buf->v * n + v;
  ++buf->count;
}

#define PUSH(n, v)  push (&buf##n, n, v)

int rand16 (void)
{
  int v = buf2.v & 0xf;
  buf2.v >>= 4;
  buf2.count -= 4;
  return v;
}

int rand9 (void)
{
  int v = buf3.v % 9;
  buf3.v /= 9;
  buf3.count -= 2;
  return v;
}

int rand7 (void)
{
  if (buf3.count >= 2) {
    int v = rand9 ();

    if (v < 7)
      return v % 7 + 1;

    PUSH (2, v - 7);
  }

  for (;;) {
    if (buf2.count >= 4) {
      int v = rand16 ();

      if (v < 14) {
        PUSH (2, v / 7);
        return v % 7 + 1;
      }

      PUSH (2, v - 14);
    }

    // Get a number between 0 & 25
    int v = 5 * (rand5 () - 1) + rand5 () - 1;

    if (v < 21) {
      PUSH (3, v / 7);
      return v % 7 + 1;
    }

    v -= 21;
    PUSH (2, v & 1);
    PUSH (2, v >> 1);
  }
}

它比其他的稍微复杂一点，但我相信它最小化了对rand5的调用。与其他解决方案一样，它有小概率会循环很长时间。