他使用的通用术语是测试替身(想想特技替身)。Test Double是一个通用术语，用于为测试目的替换生产对象的任何情况。杰拉德列出了各种各样的替身:

Dummy objects are passed around but never actually used. Usually they are just used to fill parameter lists. Fake objects actually have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut which makes them not suitable for production (an InMemoryTestDatabase is a good example). Stubs provide canned answers to calls made during the test, usually not responding at all to anything outside what's programmed in for the test. Spies are stubs that also record some information based on how they were called. One form of this might be an email service that records how many messages it was sent(also called Partial Mock). Mocks are pre-programmed with expectations which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive. They can throw an exception if they receive a call they don't expect and are checked during verification to ensure they got all the calls they were expecting.

源

参见下面使用c#和Moq框架的mock和存根的例子。Moq对于存根没有特殊的关键字，但是您也可以使用Mock对象来创建存根。

namespace UnitTestProject2
{
    using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
    using Moq;
    [TestClass]
    public class UnitTest1
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Test using Mock to Verify that GetNameWithPrefix method calls Repository GetName method "once" when Id is greater than Zero
        /// </summary>
        [TestMethod]
        public void GetNameWithPrefix_IdIsTwelve_GetNameCalledOnce()
        {
            // Arrange 
            var mockEntityRepository = new Mock<IEntityRepository>();
            mockEntityRepository.Setup(m => m.GetName(It.IsAny<int>()));

            var entity = new EntityClass(mockEntityRepository.Object);
            // Act 
            var name = entity.GetNameWithPrefix(12);
            // Assert
            mockEntityRepository.Verify(m => m.GetName(It.IsAny<int>()), Times.Once);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Test using Mock to Verify that GetNameWithPrefix method doesn't call Repository GetName method when Id is Zero
        /// </summary>
        [TestMethod]
        public void GetNameWithPrefix_IdIsZero_GetNameNeverCalled()
        {
            // Arrange 
            var mockEntityRepository = new Mock<IEntityRepository>();
            mockEntityRepository.Setup(m => m.GetName(It.IsAny<int>()));
            var entity = new EntityClass(mockEntityRepository.Object);
            // Act 
            var name = entity.GetNameWithPrefix(0);
            // Assert
            mockEntityRepository.Verify(m => m.GetName(It.IsAny<int>()), Times.Never);
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Test using Stub to Verify that GetNameWithPrefix method returns Name with a Prefix
        /// </summary>
        [TestMethod]
        public void GetNameWithPrefix_IdIsTwelve_ReturnsNameWithPrefix()
        {
            // Arrange 
            var stubEntityRepository = new Mock<IEntityRepository>();
            stubEntityRepository.Setup(m => m.GetName(It.IsAny<int>()))
                .Returns("Stub");
            const string EXPECTED_NAME_WITH_PREFIX = "Mr. Stub";
            var entity = new EntityClass(stubEntityRepository.Object);
            // Act 
            var name = entity.GetNameWithPrefix(12);
            // Assert
            Assert.AreEqual(EXPECTED_NAME_WITH_PREFIX, name);
        }
    }
    public class EntityClass
    {
        private IEntityRepository _entityRepository;
        public EntityClass(IEntityRepository entityRepository)
        {
            this._entityRepository = entityRepository;
        }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string GetNameWithPrefix(int id)
        {
            string name = string.Empty;
            if (id > 0)
            {
                name = this._entityRepository.GetName(id);
            }
            return "Mr. " + name;
        }
    }
    public interface IEntityRepository
    {
        string GetName(int id);
    }
    public class EntityRepository:IEntityRepository
    {
        public string GetName(int id)
        {
            // Code to connect to DB and get name based on Id
            return "NameFromDb";
        }
    }
}

下面是对每一个的描述，然后是真实世界的样本。

Dummy - just bogus values to satisfy the API. Example: If you're testing a method of a class which requires many mandatory parameters in a constructor which have no effect on your test, then you may create dummy objects for the purpose of creating new instances of a class. Fake - create a test implementation of a class which may have a dependency on some external infrastructure. (It's good practice that your unit test does NOT actually interact with external infrastructure.) Example: Create fake implementation for accessing a database, replace it with in-memory collection. Stub - override methods to return hard-coded values, also referred to as state-based. Example: Your test class depends on a method Calculate() taking 5 minutes to complete. Rather than wait for 5 minutes you can replace its real implementation with stub that returns hard-coded values; taking only a small fraction of the time. Mock - very similar to Stub but interaction-based rather than state-based. This means you don't expect from Mock to return some value, but to assume that specific order of method calls are made. Example: You're testing a user registration class. After calling Save, it should call SendConfirmationEmail.

存根和Mock实际上是Mock的子类型，两者都交换了实际实现和测试实现，但出于不同的、特定的原因。

我喜欢Roy Osherove的解释。

创建的每个类或对象都是Fake。如果您验证它是一个Mock 反对它的呼声。否则就是存根。

假设你有一个名为EmployeeService的类，你想测试它，并且它对一个名为EmployeeDao的接口有一个依赖:

public class EmployeeService{
   private EmployeeDao dao;
   public EmployeeService(Dao dao){this.dao = dao;}

   public String getEmployeeName(int id){
     Employee emp = bar.goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId(id);
     return emp != null?emp.getFullName:null;
   }
   //Further state and behavior
}

public interface EmployeeDao{
  Employee goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId(int id);
}

在测试类内部:

public class EmployeeServiceTest{
   EmployeeService service;
   EmployeeDao mockDao = Mockito.mock(EmployeeDao.class);//Line 3

   @Before
   public void setUp(){
     service = new EmployeeService(mockDao);
   }
   //Tests
   //....
}

在上面的测试类的第3行中，我们对mock框架(在本例中是Mockito)说“嘿，Mockito，给我做一个具有EmployeeDao功能的对象。”框架将创建一个对象，它有goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId方法，但实际上没有主体。你的工作就是指导那个mock做什么。这是一个嘲弄。

但是你也可以创建一个实现EmployeeDao接口的类，并在测试类中使用它:

public EmployeeDaoStub implements EmployeeDao{
   public Employee goToDatabaseAndBringTheEmployeeWithId(int id){
      //No trip to DB, just returning a dummy Employee object
      return new Employee("John","Woo","123 Lincoln str");
   }
}

在你的测试类中，这次使用stub而不是mock:

public class EmployeeServiceTest{
   EmployeeService service;
   EmployeeDao daoStub = new EmployeeDaoStub();//Line 3

   @Before
   public void setUp(){
     service = new EmployeeService(daoStub);
   }
   //Tests
   //....
}

因此，为了包装这一切，存根是您(或其他人)专门创建的类，以模仿某些依赖关系，只是为了拥有所需的状态。是的，正如其他人所说，它主要是关于一个状态，而mock通常是由mock框架创建的，您不知道它的内部是什么样子的。但是使用存根，您知道将得到什么类:它是您创建的类。

哦，顺便说一下，如果你的依赖项是一个类而不是一个接口，你可以扩展这个类来创建你的存根。

mock既是技术对象，也是功能对象。

这个模拟是技术性的。它确实是由一个模拟库(EasyMock、JMockit和最近的Mockito都以这些库而闻名)创建的，这要归功于字节代码生成。 生成模拟实现的方式是，我们可以在调用方法时将其设置为返回特定值，但也可以执行其他一些事情，例如验证模拟方法是否使用某些特定参数(严格检查)或任何参数(不严格检查)调用。

实例化一个mock:

@Mock Foo fooMock

记录行为:

when(fooMock.hello()).thenReturn("hello you!");

验证调用:

verify(fooMock).hello()

这些显然不是实例化/重写Foo类/行为的自然方式。这就是为什么我提到技术方面。

但是mock也是功能性的，因为它是我们需要从SUT中隔离出来的类的实例。有了记录在上面的行为，我们就可以在SUT中使用它就像使用存根一样。

存根只是一个函数对象:它是我们需要从SUT中隔离出来的类的实例，仅此而已。 这意味着在单元测试期间需要的存根类和所有行为fixture都必须显式地定义。 例如，存根hello()将需要子类化Foo类(或实现它拥有的接口)并重写hello():

public class HelloStub extends Hello{    
  public String hello { 
      return "hello you!"; 
  }
}

如果另一个测试场景需要另一个返回值，我们可能需要定义一个通用的方法来设置返回值:

public class HelloStub extends Hello{    
  public HelloStub(String helloReturn){
       this.helloReturn = helloReturn;
  }
  public String hello { 
      return helloReturn; 
  }
}

其他场景:如果我有一个副作用方法(没有返回)，并且我要检查该方法是否被调用，我可能应该在存根类中添加一个布尔值或计数器来计算该方法被调用的次数。

结论

存根通常需要为单元测试编写大量开销/代码。mock因为提供了开箱即用的记录/验证功能而阻止了什么。 这就是为什么现在随着优秀的模拟库的出现，存根方法很少在实践中使用。

关于Martin Fowler文章:当我使用mock和避免存根时，我不认为我是一个“嘲笑主义者”程序员。 但是当真正需要时我使用mock(讨厌的依赖关系)，当我测试带有依赖关系的类时，我喜欢测试切片和迷你集成测试，而mock将是一种开销。