简单的解决方案是使用优先队列，将前100个数字添加到队列中，并跟踪队列中最小的数字，然后遍历其他10亿个数字，每当我们发现一个比优先队列中最大的数字大的数字时，我们删除最小的数字，添加新的数字，并再次跟踪队列中最小的数字。

如果这些数字是随机顺序的，这就很好了，因为当我们迭代10亿个随机数字时，下一个数字是目前为止最大的100个数字之一的情况是非常罕见的。但这些数字可能不是随机的。如果数组已经按升序排序，则始终向优先队列插入一个元素。

我们先从数组中选取100,000个随机数。为了避免可能很慢的随机访问，我们添加了400个随机组，每个组有250个连续的数字。通过这种随机选择，我们可以非常确定，剩下的数字中很少有进入前100位的，因此执行时间将非常接近于一个简单的循环，将10亿个数字与某个最大值进行比较。

你可以遍历这些数字，需要O(n)

只要发现一个大于当前最小值的值，就将新值添加到一个大小为100的循环队列中。

循环队列的最小值就是新的比较值。继续往队列中添加。如果已满，则从队列中提取最小值。

如果在面试中被问到这个问题，面试官可能想看你解决问题的过程，而不仅仅是你的算法知识。

The description is quite general so maybe you can ask him the range or meaning of these numbers to make the problem clear. Doing this may impress an interviewer. If, for example, these numbers stands for people's age then it's a much easier problem. With a reasonable assumption that nobody alive is older than 200, you can use an integer array of size 200 (maybe 201) to count the number of people with the same age in just one iteration. Here the index means the age. After this it's a piece of cake to find 100 largest numbers. By the way this algorithm is called counting sort.

无论如何，让问题更具体、更清楚对你在面试中是有好处的。

The simplest solution is to scan the billion numbers large array and hold the 100 largest values found so far in a small array buffer without any sorting and remember the smallest value of this buffer. First I thought this method was proposed by fordprefect but in a comment he said that he assumed the 100 number data structure being implemented as a heap. Whenever a new number is found that is larger then the minimum in the buffer is overwritten by the new value found and the buffer is searched for the current minimum again. If the numbers in billion number array are randomly distributed most of the time the value from the large array is compared to the minimum of the small array and discarded. Only for a very very small fraction of number the value must be inserted into the small array. So the difference of manipulating the data structure holding the small numbers can be neglected. For a small number of elements it is hard to determine if the usage of a priority queue is actually faster than using my naive approach.

I want to estimate the number of inserts in the small 100 element array buffer when the 10^9 element array is scanned. The program scans the first 1000 elements of this large array and has to insert at most 1000 elements in the buffer. The buffer contains 100 element of the 1000 elements scanned, that is 0.1 of the element scanned. So we assume that the probability that a value from the large array is larger than the current minimum of the buffer is about 0.1 Such an element has to be inserted in the buffer . Now the program scans the next 10^4 elements from the large array. Because the minimum of the buffer will increase every time a new element is inserted. We estimated that the ratio of elements larger than our current minimum is about 0.1 and so there are 0.1*10^4=1000 elements to insert. Actually the expected number of elements that are inserted into the buffer will be smaller. After the scan of this 10^4 elements fraction of the numbers in the buffer will be about 0.01 of the elements scanned so far. So when scanning the next 10^5 numbers we assume that not more than 0.01*10^5=1000 will be inserted in the buffer. Continuing this argumentation we have inserted about 7000 values after scanning 1000+10^4+10^5+...+10^9 ~ 10^9 elements of the large array. So when scanning an array with 10^9 elements of random size we expect not more than 10^4 (=7000 rounded up) insertions in the buffer. After each insertion into the buffer the new minimum must be found. If the buffer is a simple array we need 100 comparison to find the new minimum. If the buffer is another data structure (like a heap) we need at least 1 comparison to find the minimum. To compare the elements of the large array we need 10^9 comparisons. So all in all we need about 10^9+100*10^4=1.001 * 10^9 comparisons when using an array as buffer and at least 1.000 * 10^9 comparisons when using another type of data structure (like a heap). So using a heap brings only a gain of 0.1% if performance is determined by the number of comparison. But what is the difference in execution time between inserting an element in a 100 element heap and replacing an element in an 100 element array and finding its new minimum?

在理论层面:在堆中插入需要多少比较。我知道它是O(log(n))但常数因子有多大呢?我 在机器级别:缓存和分支预测对堆插入和数组中线性搜索的执行时间有什么影响? 在实现级别:库或编译器提供的堆数据结构中隐藏了哪些额外成本?

我认为，在人们试图估计100个元素堆和100个元素数组的性能之间的真正区别之前，这些都是必须回答的一些问题。所以做一个实验并测量真实的表现是有意义的。

求n个元素中最大的m个元素，其中n >>> m

最简单的解决方案，每个人都应该很明显，就是简单地做m次冒泡排序算法。

然后打印出数组的最后n个元素。

它不需要外部数据结构，并且使用了一种大家都知道的算法。

运行时间估计为O(m*n)。到目前为止最好的答案是O(nlog (m))，所以这个解决方案对于小m来说并不显着昂贵。

我并不是说这不能改进，但这是迄今为止最简单的解决方案。

我意识到这被标记为“算法”，但会抛出一些其他选项，因为它可能也应该被标记为“面试”。

10亿个数字的来源是什么?如果它是一个数据库，那么“从表中按值顺序选择值desc limit 100”就可以很好地完成工作-可能有方言差异。

这是一次性的，还是会重复发生?如果重复，频率是多少?如果它是一次性的，数据在一个文件中，那么'cat srcfile | sort(根据需要选择)| head -100'将让你快速完成有偿工作，而计算机处理这些琐碎的琐事。

如果重复，你会建议选择任何合适的方法来获得初始答案并存储/缓存结果，这样你就可以连续地报告前100名。

Finally, there is this consideration. Are you looking for an entry level job and interviewing with a geeky manager or future co-worker? If so, then you can toss out all manner of approaches describing the relative technical pros and cons. If you are looking for a more managerial job, then approach it like a manager would, concerned with the development and maintenance costs of the solution, and say "thank you very much" and leave if that is the interviewer wants to focus on CS trivia. He and you would be unlikely to have much advancement potential there.

祝你下次面试好运。