简单的解决方案是使用优先队列，将前100个数字添加到队列中，并跟踪队列中最小的数字，然后遍历其他10亿个数字，每当我们发现一个比优先队列中最大的数字大的数字时，我们删除最小的数字，添加新的数字，并再次跟踪队列中最小的数字。

如果这些数字是随机顺序的，这就很好了，因为当我们迭代10亿个随机数字时，下一个数字是目前为止最大的100个数字之一的情况是非常罕见的。但这些数字可能不是随机的。如果数组已经按升序排序，则始终向优先队列插入一个元素。

我们先从数组中选取100,000个随机数。为了避免可能很慢的随机访问，我们添加了400个随机组，每个组有250个连续的数字。通过这种随机选择，我们可以非常确定，剩下的数字中很少有进入前100位的，因此执行时间将非常接近于一个简单的循环，将10亿个数字与某个最大值进行比较。

The simplest solution is to scan the billion numbers large array and hold the 100 largest values found so far in a small array buffer without any sorting and remember the smallest value of this buffer. First I thought this method was proposed by fordprefect but in a comment he said that he assumed the 100 number data structure being implemented as a heap. Whenever a new number is found that is larger then the minimum in the buffer is overwritten by the new value found and the buffer is searched for the current minimum again. If the numbers in billion number array are randomly distributed most of the time the value from the large array is compared to the minimum of the small array and discarded. Only for a very very small fraction of number the value must be inserted into the small array. So the difference of manipulating the data structure holding the small numbers can be neglected. For a small number of elements it is hard to determine if the usage of a priority queue is actually faster than using my naive approach.

I want to estimate the number of inserts in the small 100 element array buffer when the 10^9 element array is scanned. The program scans the first 1000 elements of this large array and has to insert at most 1000 elements in the buffer. The buffer contains 100 element of the 1000 elements scanned, that is 0.1 of the element scanned. So we assume that the probability that a value from the large array is larger than the current minimum of the buffer is about 0.1 Such an element has to be inserted in the buffer . Now the program scans the next 10^4 elements from the large array. Because the minimum of the buffer will increase every time a new element is inserted. We estimated that the ratio of elements larger than our current minimum is about 0.1 and so there are 0.1*10^4=1000 elements to insert. Actually the expected number of elements that are inserted into the buffer will be smaller. After the scan of this 10^4 elements fraction of the numbers in the buffer will be about 0.01 of the elements scanned so far. So when scanning the next 10^5 numbers we assume that not more than 0.01*10^5=1000 will be inserted in the buffer. Continuing this argumentation we have inserted about 7000 values after scanning 1000+10^4+10^5+...+10^9 ~ 10^9 elements of the large array. So when scanning an array with 10^9 elements of random size we expect not more than 10^4 (=7000 rounded up) insertions in the buffer. After each insertion into the buffer the new minimum must be found. If the buffer is a simple array we need 100 comparison to find the new minimum. If the buffer is another data structure (like a heap) we need at least 1 comparison to find the minimum. To compare the elements of the large array we need 10^9 comparisons. So all in all we need about 10^9+100*10^4=1.001 * 10^9 comparisons when using an array as buffer and at least 1.000 * 10^9 comparisons when using another type of data structure (like a heap). So using a heap brings only a gain of 0.1% if performance is determined by the number of comparison. But what is the difference in execution time between inserting an element in a 100 element heap and replacing an element in an 100 element array and finding its new minimum?

在理论层面:在堆中插入需要多少比较。我知道它是O(log(n))但常数因子有多大呢?我 在机器级别:缓存和分支预测对堆插入和数组中线性搜索的执行时间有什么影响? 在实现级别:库或编译器提供的堆数据结构中隐藏了哪些额外成本?

我认为，在人们试图估计100个元素堆和100个元素数组的性能之间的真正区别之前，这些都是必须回答的一些问题。所以做一个实验并测量真实的表现是有意义的。

受@ron teller回答的启发，这里有一个简单的C程序来做你想做的事情。

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define TOTAL_NUMBERS 1000000000
#define N_TOP_NUMBERS 100

int 
compare_function(const void *first, const void *second)
{
    int a = *((int *) first);
    int b = *((int *) second);
    if (a > b){
        return 1;
    }
    if (a < b){
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

int 
main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
    if(argc != 2){
        printf("please supply a path to a binary file containing 1000000000"
               "integers of this machine's wordlength and endianness\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    FILE * f = fopen(argv[1], "r");
    if(!f){
        exit(1);
    }
    int top100[N_TOP_NUMBERS] = {0};
    int sorts = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < TOTAL_NUMBERS; i++){
        int number;
        int ok;
        ok = fread(&number, sizeof(int), 1, f);
        if(!ok){
            printf("not enough numbers!\n");
            break;
        }
        if(number > top100[0]){
            sorts++;
            top100[0] = number;
            qsort(top100, N_TOP_NUMBERS, sizeof(int), compare_function);
        }

    }
    printf("%d sorts made\n"
    "the top 100 integers in %s are:\n",
    sorts, argv[1] );
    for (int i = 0; i < N_TOP_NUMBERS; i++){
        printf("%d\n", top100[i]);
    }
    fclose(f);
    exit(0);
}

在我的机器上(具有快速SSD的core i3)，它需要25秒，并进行1724种排序。 我用dd if=/dev/urandom/ count=1000000000 bs=1生成了一个二进制文件。

显然，一次只从磁盘读取4个字节会有性能问题，但这只是为了举例。好的一面是，只需要很少的内存。

如果在面试中被问到这个问题，面试官可能想看你解决问题的过程，而不仅仅是你的算法知识。

The description is quite general so maybe you can ask him the range or meaning of these numbers to make the problem clear. Doing this may impress an interviewer. If, for example, these numbers stands for people's age then it's a much easier problem. With a reasonable assumption that nobody alive is older than 200, you can use an integer array of size 200 (maybe 201) to count the number of people with the same age in just one iteration. Here the index means the age. After this it's a piece of cake to find 100 largest numbers. By the way this algorithm is called counting sort.

无论如何，让问题更具体、更清楚对你在面试中是有好处的。

可能的改进。

如果文件包含十亿的数字，读取它可能会很长…

为了提高工作效率，你可以:

将文件分成n个部分，创建n个线程，让n个线程在各自的部分中寻找最大的100个数字(使用优先级队列)，最后得到所有线程输出的最大的100个数字。 使用像hadoop这样的解决方案，使用集群来完成这样的任务。在这里，您可以进一步分割文件，并更快地输出10亿(或10^12)个数字的文件。

此代码用于在未排序数组中查找N个最大的数字。

#include <iostream>


using namespace std;

#define Array_Size 5 // No Of Largest Numbers To Find
#define BILLION 10000000000

void findLargest(int max[], int array[]);
int checkDup(int temp, int max[]);

int main() {


        int array[BILLION] // contains data

        int i=0, temp;

        int max[Array_Size];


        findLargest(max,array); 


        cout<< "The "<< Array_Size<< " largest numbers in the array are: \n";

        for(i=0; i< Array_Size; i++)
            cout<< max[i] << endl;

        return 0;
    }




void findLargest(int max[], int array[])
{
    int i,temp,res;

    for(int k=0; k< Array_Size; k++)
    {
           i=0;

        while(i < BILLION)
        {
            for(int j=0; j< Array_Size ; j++)
            {
                temp = array[i];

                 res= checkDup(temp,max);

                if(res == 0 && max[j] < temp)
                    max[j] = temp;
            }

            i++;
        }
    }
}


int checkDup(int temp, int max[])
{
    for(int i=0; i<N_O_L_N_T_F; i++)
    {
        if(max[i] == temp)
            return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

这可能不是一个有效的方法，但可以完成工作。

希望这能有所帮助