我想做一些事情，比如：
MyObject myObj = GetMyObj(); // Create and fill a new object
MyObject newObj = myObj.Clone();
然后对未反映在原始对象中的新对象进行更改。
我通常不需要这个功能，所以当有必要时，我会创建一个新对象，然后单独复制每个属性，但这总是让我觉得有更好或更优雅的方法来处理这种情况。
如何克隆或深度复制对象，以便在原始对象中不反映任何更改的情况下修改克隆的对象？
当前回答
下面是一个深度拷贝实现：
public static object CloneObject(object opSource)
{
//grab the type and create a new instance of that type
Type opSourceType = opSource.GetType();
object opTarget = CreateInstanceOfType(opSourceType);
//grab the properties
PropertyInfo[] opPropertyInfo = opSourceType.GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
//iterate over the properties and if it has a 'set' method assign it from the source TO the target
foreach (PropertyInfo item in opPropertyInfo)
{
if (item.CanWrite)
{
//value types can simply be 'set'
if (item.PropertyType.IsValueType || item.PropertyType.IsEnum || item.PropertyType.Equals(typeof(System.String)))
{
item.SetValue(opTarget, item.GetValue(opSource, null), null);
}
//object/complex types need to recursively call this method until the end of the tree is reached
else
{
object opPropertyValue = item.GetValue(opSource, null);
if (opPropertyValue == null)
{
item.SetValue(opTarget, null, null);
}
else
{
item.SetValue(opTarget, CloneObject(opPropertyValue), null);
}
}
}
}
//return the new item
return opTarget;
}
其他回答
通常，您实现ICloneable接口并自己实现克隆。C#对象有一个内置的MemberwiseColone方法，该方法执行浅层复制，可以帮助您处理所有原语。
对于深度复制，它无法知道如何自动执行。
问：我为什么选择这个答案？
如果您想要.NET所能达到的最快速度，请选择此答案。如果您想要一种非常简单的克隆方法，请忽略这个答案。
换言之，除非您有需要解决的性能瓶颈，并且您可以使用分析器来证明这一点，否则请使用另一个答案。
比其他方法快10倍
执行深度克隆的以下方法是：
比任何涉及序列化/反序列化的速度快10倍；非常接近.NET所能达到的理论最大速度。
方法。。。
为了达到最高速度，可以使用Nested MemberwiseClone进行深度复制。它与复制值结构的速度几乎相同，并且比（a）反射或（b）序列化（如本页其他答案所述）快得多。
请注意，如果使用Nested MemberwiseColone进行深度复制，则必须为类中的每个嵌套级别手动实现ShallowCopy，以及调用所有所述ShallowCopy方法以创建完整克隆的DeepCopy。这很简单：总共只有几行，请参见下面的演示代码。
下面是显示100000个克隆的相对性能差异的代码输出：
嵌套结构上的嵌套MemberwiseClone为1.08秒嵌套类上的嵌套MemberwiseClone为4.77秒39.93秒用于序列化/反序列化
在类上使用Nested MemberwiseColone几乎与复制结构一样快，而且复制结构的速度非常接近.NET所能达到的理论最大速度。
Demo 1 of shallow and deep copy, using classes and MemberwiseClone:
Create Bob
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Clone Bob >> BobsSon
Adjust BobsSon details
BobsSon.Age=2, BobsSon.Purchase.Description=Toy car
Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Elapsed time: 00:00:04.7795670,30000000
Demo 2 of shallow and deep copy, using structs and value copying:
Create Bob
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Clone Bob >> BobsSon
Adjust BobsSon details:
BobsSon.Age=2, BobsSon.Purchase.Description=Toy car
Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:
Bob.Age=30, Bob.Purchase.Description=Lamborghini
Elapsed time: 00:00:01.0875454,30000000
Demo 3 of deep copy, using class and serialize/deserialize:
Elapsed time: 00:00:39.9339425,30000000
为了了解如何使用MemberwiseCopy进行深度复制，这里是用于生成上述时间的演示项目：
// Nested MemberwiseClone example.
// Added to demo how to deep copy a reference class.
[Serializable] // Not required if using MemberwiseClone, only used for speed comparison using serialization.
public class Person
{
public Person(int age, string description)
{
this.Age = age;
this.Purchase.Description = description;
}
[Serializable] // Not required if using MemberwiseClone
public class PurchaseType
{
public string Description;
public PurchaseType ShallowCopy()
{
return (PurchaseType)this.MemberwiseClone();
}
}
public PurchaseType Purchase = new PurchaseType();
public int Age;
// Add this if using nested MemberwiseClone.
// This is a class, which is a reference type, so cloning is more difficult.
public Person ShallowCopy()
{
return (Person)this.MemberwiseClone();
}
// Add this if using nested MemberwiseClone.
// This is a class, which is a reference type, so cloning is more difficult.
public Person DeepCopy()
{
// Clone the root ...
Person other = (Person) this.MemberwiseClone();
// ... then clone the nested class.
other.Purchase = this.Purchase.ShallowCopy();
return other;
}
}
// Added to demo how to copy a value struct (this is easy - a deep copy happens by default)
public struct PersonStruct
{
public PersonStruct(int age, string description)
{
this.Age = age;
this.Purchase.Description = description;
}
public struct PurchaseType
{
public string Description;
}
public PurchaseType Purchase;
public int Age;
// This is a struct, which is a value type, so everything is a clone by default.
public PersonStruct ShallowCopy()
{
return (PersonStruct)this;
}
// This is a struct, which is a value type, so everything is a clone by default.
public PersonStruct DeepCopy()
{
return (PersonStruct)this;
}
}
// Added only for a speed comparison.
public class MyDeepCopy
{
public static T DeepCopy<T>(T obj)
{
object result = null;
using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
{
var formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
formatter.Serialize(ms, obj);
ms.Position = 0;
result = (T)formatter.Deserialize(ms);
ms.Close();
}
return (T)result;
}
}
然后，从main调用演示：
void MyMain(string[] args)
{
{
Console.Write("Demo 1 of shallow and deep copy, using classes and MemberwiseCopy:\n");
var Bob = new Person(30, "Lamborghini");
Console.Write(" Create Bob\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Clone Bob >> BobsSon\n");
var BobsSon = Bob.DeepCopy();
Console.Write(" Adjust BobsSon details\n");
BobsSon.Age = 2;
BobsSon.Purchase.Description = "Toy car";
Console.Write(" BobsSon.Age={0}, BobsSon.Purchase.Description={1}\n", BobsSon.Age, BobsSon.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Age == 30);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Purchase.Description == "Lamborghini");
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
var n = Bob.DeepCopy();
total += n.Age;
}
Console.Write(" Elapsed time: {0},{1}\n\n", sw.Elapsed, total);
}
{
Console.Write("Demo 2 of shallow and deep copy, using structs:\n");
var Bob = new PersonStruct(30, "Lamborghini");
Console.Write(" Create Bob\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Clone Bob >> BobsSon\n");
var BobsSon = Bob.DeepCopy();
Console.Write(" Adjust BobsSon details:\n");
BobsSon.Age = 2;
BobsSon.Purchase.Description = "Toy car";
Console.Write(" BobsSon.Age={0}, BobsSon.Purchase.Description={1}\n", BobsSon.Age, BobsSon.Purchase.Description);
Console.Write(" Proof of deep copy: If BobsSon is a true clone, then adjusting BobsSon details will not affect Bob:\n");
Console.Write(" Bob.Age={0}, Bob.Purchase.Description={1}\n", Bob.Age, Bob.Purchase.Description);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Age == 30);
Debug.Assert(Bob.Purchase.Description == "Lamborghini");
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
int total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
var n = Bob.DeepCopy();
total += n.Age;
}
Console.Write(" Elapsed time: {0},{1}\n\n", sw.Elapsed, total);
}
{
Console.Write("Demo 3 of deep copy, using class and serialize/deserialize:\n");
int total = 0;
var sw = new Stopwatch();
sw.Start();
var Bob = new Person(30, "Lamborghini");
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
var BobsSon = MyDeepCopy.DeepCopy<Person>(Bob);
total += BobsSon.Age;
}
Console.Write(" Elapsed time: {0},{1}\n", sw.Elapsed, total);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
再次注意，如果您使用Nested MemberwiseColone进行深度复制，则必须为类中的每个嵌套级别手动实现ShallowCopy，以及调用所有所述ShallowCopy方法以创建完整克隆的DeepCopy。这很简单：总共只有几行，请参见上面的演示代码。
值类型与引用类型
请注意，在克隆对象时，“结构”和“类”之间有很大的区别：
如果您有一个“struct”，它是一个值类型，因此您可以复制它，内容将被克隆（但除非您使用本文中的技术，否则它只能进行浅层克隆）。如果你有一个“类”，它是一个引用类型，所以如果你复制它，你所做的就是复制指向它的指针。要创建一个真正的克隆，你必须更具创造力，利用值类型和引用类型之间的差异，从而在内存中创建原始对象的另一个副本。
请参见值类型和引用类型之间的差异。
帮助调试的校验和
错误地克隆对象会导致很难确定错误。在生产代码中，我倾向于实现一个校验和，以双重检查对象是否已正确克隆，并且没有被另一个引用损坏。此校验和可以在发布模式下关闭。我发现这个方法非常有用：通常，您只想克隆对象的一部分，而不是整个对象。
对于将许多线程与许多其他线程分离非常有用
该代码的一个优秀用例是将嵌套类或结构的克隆送入队列，以实现生产者/消费者模式。
我们可以让一个（或多个）线程修改自己拥有的类，然后将该类的完整副本推送到并发队列中。然后，我们有一个（或多个）线程将这些类的副本拉出并处理它们。
这在实践中非常有效，并允许我们将许多线程（生产者）与一个或多个线程（消费者）分离。
而且这种方法也非常快：如果我们使用嵌套结构，它比序列化/反序列化嵌套类快35倍，并且允许我们利用机器上所有可用的线程。
使现代化
显然，ExpressMapper与上面的手工编码一样快，甚至更快。我可能需要看看它们与探查器的比较。
使用IClonable接口可以花费多少精力是令人难以置信的，尤其是当您有大量的类层次结构时。MemberwiseColone的工作方式也很奇怪——它甚至不能完全克隆普通的List类型的结构。
当然，串行化最有趣的困境是串行化反向引用——例如，具有子-父关系的类层次结构。我怀疑二进制序列化程序能否在这种情况下帮助您。（最终将导致递归循环+堆栈溢出）。
不知怎么的，我喜欢这里提出的解决方案：如何在.NET（特别是C#）中对对象进行深度复制？
然而，它不支持Lists，并补充说，该支持还考虑到了重新养育子女的问题。对于我制定的仅为父项的规则，该字段或属性应命名为“parent”，则DeepClone将忽略它。您可能需要决定自己的反向引用规则——对于树层次结构，它可能是“左/右”等。。。
以下是包含测试代码的完整代码片段：
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
namespace TestDeepClone
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
A a = new A();
a.name = "main_A";
a.b_list.Add(new B(a) { name = "b1" });
a.b_list.Add(new B(a) { name = "b2" });
A a2 = (A)a.DeepClone();
a2.name = "second_A";
// Perform re-parenting manually after deep copy.
foreach( var b in a2.b_list )
b.parent = a2;
Debug.WriteLine("ok");
}
}
public class A
{
public String name = "one";
public List<String> list = new List<string>();
public List<String> null_list;
public List<B> b_list = new List<B>();
private int private_pleaseCopyMeAsWell = 5;
public override string ToString()
{
return "A(" + name + ")";
}
}
public class B
{
public B() { }
public B(A _parent) { parent = _parent; }
public A parent;
public String name = "two";
}
public static class ReflectionEx
{
public static Type GetUnderlyingType(this MemberInfo member)
{
Type type;
switch (member.MemberType)
{
case MemberTypes.Field:
type = ((FieldInfo)member).FieldType;
break;
case MemberTypes.Property:
type = ((PropertyInfo)member).PropertyType;
break;
case MemberTypes.Event:
type = ((EventInfo)member).EventHandlerType;
break;
default:
throw new ArgumentException("member must be if type FieldInfo, PropertyInfo or EventInfo", "member");
}
return Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type) ?? type;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets fields and properties into one array.
/// Order of properties / fields will be preserved in order of appearance in class / struct. (MetadataToken is used for sorting such cases)
/// </summary>
/// <param name="type">Type from which to get</param>
/// <returns>array of fields and properties</returns>
public static MemberInfo[] GetFieldsAndProperties(this Type type)
{
List<MemberInfo> fps = new List<MemberInfo>();
fps.AddRange(type.GetFields());
fps.AddRange(type.GetProperties());
fps = fps.OrderBy(x => x.MetadataToken).ToList();
return fps.ToArray();
}
public static object GetValue(this MemberInfo member, object target)
{
if (member is PropertyInfo)
{
return (member as PropertyInfo).GetValue(target, null);
}
else if (member is FieldInfo)
{
return (member as FieldInfo).GetValue(target);
}
else
{
throw new Exception("member must be either PropertyInfo or FieldInfo");
}
}
public static void SetValue(this MemberInfo member, object target, object value)
{
if (member is PropertyInfo)
{
(member as PropertyInfo).SetValue(target, value, null);
}
else if (member is FieldInfo)
{
(member as FieldInfo).SetValue(target, value);
}
else
{
throw new Exception("destinationMember must be either PropertyInfo or FieldInfo");
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Deep clones specific object.
/// Analogue can be found here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/129389/how-do-you-do-a-deep-copy-an-object-in-net-c-specifically
/// This is now improved version (list support added)
/// </summary>
/// <param name="obj">object to be cloned</param>
/// <returns>full copy of object.</returns>
public static object DeepClone(this object obj)
{
if (obj == null)
return null;
Type type = obj.GetType();
if (obj is IList)
{
IList list = ((IList)obj);
IList newlist = (IList)Activator.CreateInstance(obj.GetType(), list.Count);
foreach (object elem in list)
newlist.Add(DeepClone(elem));
return newlist;
} //if
if (type.IsValueType || type == typeof(string))
{
return obj;
}
else if (type.IsArray)
{
Type elementType = Type.GetType(type.FullName.Replace("[]", string.Empty));
var array = obj as Array;
Array copied = Array.CreateInstance(elementType, array.Length);
for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++)
copied.SetValue(DeepClone(array.GetValue(i)), i);
return Convert.ChangeType(copied, obj.GetType());
}
else if (type.IsClass)
{
object toret = Activator.CreateInstance(obj.GetType());
MemberInfo[] fields = type.GetFieldsAndProperties();
foreach (MemberInfo field in fields)
{
// Don't clone parent back-reference classes. (Using special kind of naming 'parent'
// to indicate child's parent class.
if (field.Name == "parent")
{
continue;
}
object fieldValue = field.GetValue(obj);
if (fieldValue == null)
continue;
field.SetValue(toret, DeepClone(fieldValue));
}
return toret;
}
else
{
// Don't know that type, don't know how to clone it.
if (Debugger.IsAttached)
Debugger.Break();
return null;
}
} //DeepClone
}
}
代码生成器
我们已经看到了很多想法，从序列化到手动实现再到反射，我想使用CGbR代码生成器提出一种完全不同的方法。生成克隆方法具有内存和CPU效率，因此比标准DataContractSerializer快300倍。
你只需要一个带有ICloneable的部分类定义，生成器就可以完成剩下的工作：
public partial class Root : ICloneable
{
public Root(int number)
{
_number = number;
}
private int _number;
public Partial[] Partials { get; set; }
public IList<ulong> Numbers { get; set; }
public object Clone()
{
return Clone(true);
}
private Root()
{
}
}
public partial class Root
{
public Root Clone(bool deep)
{
var copy = new Root();
// All value types can be simply copied
copy._number = _number;
if (deep)
{
// In a deep clone the references are cloned
var tempPartials = new Partial[Partials.Length];
for (var i = 0; i < Partials.Length; i++)
{
var value = Partials[i];
value = value.Clone(true);
tempPartials[i] = value;
}
copy.Partials = tempPartials;
var tempNumbers = new List<ulong>(Numbers.Count);
for (var i = 0; i < Numbers.Count; i++)
{
var value = Numbers[i];
tempNumbers.Add(value);
}
copy.Numbers = tempNumbers;
}
else
{
// In a shallow clone only references are copied
copy.Partials = Partials;
copy.Numbers = Numbers;
}
return copy;
}
}
注意：最新版本有更多的空检查，但为了更好地理解，我省略了它们。
我在Silverlight中使用ICloneable时遇到了问题，但我喜欢序列化的想法，我可以序列化XML，所以我这样做了：
static public class SerializeHelper
{
//Michael White, Holly Springs Consulting, 2009
//michael@hollyspringsconsulting.com
public static T DeserializeXML<T>(string xmlData)
where T:new()
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(xmlData))
return default(T);
TextReader tr = new StringReader(xmlData);
T DocItms = new T();
XmlSerializer xms = new XmlSerializer(DocItms.GetType());
DocItms = (T)xms.Deserialize(tr);
return DocItms == null ? default(T) : DocItms;
}
public static string SeralizeObjectToXML<T>(T xmlObject)
{
StringBuilder sbTR = new StringBuilder();
XmlSerializer xmsTR = new XmlSerializer(xmlObject.GetType());
XmlWriterSettings xwsTR = new XmlWriterSettings();
XmlWriter xmwTR = XmlWriter.Create(sbTR, xwsTR);
xmsTR.Serialize(xmwTR,xmlObject);
return sbTR.ToString();
}
public static T CloneObject<T>(T objClone)
where T:new()
{
string GetString = SerializeHelper.SeralizeObjectToXML<T>(objClone);
return SerializeHelper.DeserializeXML<T>(GetString);
}
}
