在Eigen (c++)中:

Eigen::Matrix2d mat;
mat <<  1, 2,
        3, 4;
std::cout << mat << "\n\n";

Eigen::Matrix2d r_plus_90 = mat.transpose().rowwise().reverse();
std::cout << r_plus_90 << "\n\n";

Eigen::Matrix2d r_minus_90 = mat.transpose().colwise().reverse();
std::cout << r_minus_90 << "\n\n";

Eigen::Matrix2d r_180 = mat.colwise().reverse().rowwise().reverse(); // +180 same as -180
std::cout << r_180 << "\n\n";

输出:

1 2
3 4

3 1
4 2

2 4
1 3

4 3
2 1

我只用一个循环就能做到。时间复杂度看起来像O(K)其中K是数组中的所有元素。 下面是我用JavaScript做的:

首先，我们用一个数组来表示n^2矩阵。然后，像这样迭代它:

/**
 * Rotates matrix 90 degrees clockwise
 * @param arr: the source array
 * @param n: the array side (array is square n^2)
 */
function rotate (arr, n) {
  var rotated = [], indexes = []

  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    if (i < n)
      indexes[i] = i * n + (n - 1)
    else
      indexes[i] = indexes[i - n] - 1

    rotated[indexes[i]] = arr[i]
  }
  return rotated
}

基本上，我们转换源数组下标:

[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] => [2,5,8,1,4,7,0,3 6]

然后，使用这个转换后的索引数组，我们将实际值放在最终旋转的数组中。

下面是一些测试用例:

//n=3
rotate([
  1, 2, 3,
  4, 5, 6,
  7, 8, 9], 3))

//result:
[7, 4, 1,
 8, 5, 2,
 9, 6, 3]


//n=4
rotate([
  1,  2,  3,  4,
  5,  6,  7,  8,
  9,  10, 11, 12,
  13, 14, 15, 16], 4))

//result:
[13,  9,  5,  1,
 14, 10,  6,  2,
 15, 11,  7,  3,
 16, 12,  8,  4]


//n=5
rotate([
  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,
  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,
  11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
  16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
  21, 22, 23, 24, 25], 5))

//result:
[21, 16, 11,  6,  1, 
 22, 17, 12,  7,  2, 
 23, 18, 13,  8,  3, 
 24, 19, 14,  9,  4, 
 25, 20, 15, 10,  5]

原地旋转不可能比O(n²)更快，原因是如果我们想旋转矩阵，我们必须至少一次触及所有n²元素，无论你实现什么算法。

正如我在上一篇文章中所说的，这里有一些c#代码，可以为任何大小的矩阵实现O(1)矩阵旋转。为了简洁性和可读性，没有错误检查或范围检查。代码:

static void Main (string [] args)
{
  int [,]
    //  create an arbitrary matrix
    m = {{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}};

  Matrix
    //  create wrappers for the data
    m1 = new Matrix (m),
    m2 = new Matrix (m),
    m3 = new Matrix (m);

  //  rotate the matricies in various ways - all are O(1)
  m1.RotateClockwise90 ();
  m2.Rotate180 ();
  m3.RotateAnitclockwise90 ();

  //  output the result of transforms
  System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine (m1.ToString ());
  System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine (m2.ToString ());
  System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine (m3.ToString ());
}

class Matrix
{
  enum Rotation
  {
    None,
    Clockwise90,
    Clockwise180,
    Clockwise270
  }

  public Matrix (int [,] matrix)
  {
    m_matrix = matrix;
    m_rotation = Rotation.None;
  }

  //  the transformation routines
  public void RotateClockwise90 ()
  {
    m_rotation = (Rotation) (((int) m_rotation + 1) & 3);
  }

  public void Rotate180 ()
  {
    m_rotation = (Rotation) (((int) m_rotation + 2) & 3);
  }

  public void RotateAnitclockwise90 ()
  {
    m_rotation = (Rotation) (((int) m_rotation + 3) & 3);
  }

  //  accessor property to make class look like a two dimensional array
  public int this [int row, int column]
  {
    get
    {
      int
        value = 0;

      switch (m_rotation)
      {
      case Rotation.None:
        value = m_matrix [row, column];
        break;

      case Rotation.Clockwise90:
        value = m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - column, row];
        break;

      case Rotation.Clockwise180:
        value = m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - row, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - column];
        break;

      case Rotation.Clockwise270:
        value = m_matrix [column, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - row];
        break;
      }

      return value;
    }

    set
    {
      switch (m_rotation)
      {
      case Rotation.None:
        m_matrix [row, column] = value;
        break;

      case Rotation.Clockwise90:
        m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - column, row] = value;
        break;

      case Rotation.Clockwise180:
        m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - row, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - column] = value;
        break;

      case Rotation.Clockwise270:
        m_matrix [column, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - row] = value;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  //  creates a string with the matrix values
  public override string ToString ()
  {
    int
      num_rows = 0,
      num_columns = 0;

    switch (m_rotation)
    {
    case Rotation.None:
    case Rotation.Clockwise180:
      num_rows = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0);
      num_columns = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1);
      break;

    case Rotation.Clockwise90:
    case Rotation.Clockwise270:
      num_rows = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1);
      num_columns = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0);
      break;
    }

    StringBuilder
      output = new StringBuilder ();

    output.Append ("{");

    for (int row = 0 ; row <= num_rows ; ++row)
    {
      if (row != 0)
      {
        output.Append (", ");
      }

      output.Append ("{");

      for (int column = 0 ; column <= num_columns ; ++column)
      {
        if (column != 0)
        {
          output.Append (", ");
        }

        output.Append (this [row, column].ToString ());
      }

      output.Append ("}");
    }

    output.Append ("}");

    return output.ToString ();
  }

  int [,]
    //  the original matrix
    m_matrix;

  Rotation
    //  the current view of the matrix
    m_rotation;
}

好的，我把手举起来，当旋转时，它实际上不会对原始数组做任何修改。但是，在面向对象系统中，只要对象看起来像是被旋转到类的客户端，这就无关紧要了。目前，Matrix类使用对原始数组数据的引用，因此改变m1的任何值也将改变m2和m3。对构造函数稍加更改，创建一个新数组并将值复制到该数组中，就可以将其整理出来。

一些人已经举了一些例子，其中涉及到创建一个新数组。

还有一些需要考虑的事情:

(a)不实际移动数据，只需以不同的方式遍历“旋转”的数组。

(b)就地轮换可能有点棘手。您需要一点空白的地方(大概相当于一行或一列的大小)。有一篇古老的ACM论文是关于进行原地转置的(http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/355719.355729)，但是他们的示例代码是令人讨厌的充满goto的FORTRAN。

附录:

http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/355611.355612是另一种更优越的就地转置算法。

在JavaScript中实现dimple的+90伪代码(例如转置然后反转每一行):

function rotate90(a){
  // transpose from http://www.codesuck.com/2012/02/transpose-javascript-array-in-one-line.html
  a = Object.keys(a[0]).map(function (c) { return a.map(function (r) { return r[c]; }); });
  // row reverse
  for (i in a){
    a[i] = a[i].reverse();
  }
  return a;
}