虽然“使用堆栈”可能是人为的面试问题的答案，但实际上，它只是显式地做递归程序在幕后所做的事情。

递归使用程序内置堆栈。当你调用一个函数时，它将函数的参数推入堆栈，当函数返回时，它通过弹出程序堆栈来执行。

这是一个java程序的链接，显示DFS同时遵循递归和非递归方法，还计算发现和完成时间，但没有边对齐。

    public void DFSIterative() {
    Reset();
    Stack<Vertex> s = new Stack<>();
    for (Vertex v : vertices.values()) {
        if (!v.visited) {
            v.d = ++time;
            v.visited = true;
            s.push(v);
            while (!s.isEmpty()) {
                Vertex u = s.peek();
                s.pop();
                boolean bFinished = true;
                for (Vertex w : u.adj) {
                    if (!w.visited) {
                        w.visited = true;
                        w.d = ++time;
                        w.p = u;
                        s.push(w);
                        bFinished = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (bFinished) {
                    u.f = ++time;
                    if (u.p != null)
                        s.push(u.p);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

这里是完整的源代码。

完整的示例工作代码，没有堆栈:

import java.util.*;

class Graph {
private List<List<Integer>> adj;

Graph(int numOfVertices) {
    this.adj = new ArrayList<>();
    for (int i = 0; i < numOfVertices; ++i)
        adj.add(i, new ArrayList<>());
}

void addEdge(int v, int w) {
    adj.get(v).add(w); // Add w to v's list.
}

void DFS(int v) {
    int nodesToVisitIndex = 0;
    List<Integer> nodesToVisit = new ArrayList<>();
    nodesToVisit.add(v);
    while (nodesToVisitIndex < nodesToVisit.size()) {
        Integer nextChild= nodesToVisit.get(nodesToVisitIndex++);// get the node and mark it as visited node by inc the index over the element.
        for (Integer s : adj.get(nextChild)) {
            if (!nodesToVisit.contains(s)) {
                nodesToVisit.add(nodesToVisitIndex, s);// add the node to the HEAD of the unvisited nodes list.
            }
        }
        System.out.println(nextChild);
    }
}

void BFS(int v) {
    int nodesToVisitIndex = 0;
    List<Integer> nodesToVisit = new ArrayList<>();
    nodesToVisit.add(v);
    while (nodesToVisitIndex < nodesToVisit.size()) {
        Integer nextChild= nodesToVisit.get(nodesToVisitIndex++);// get the node and mark it as visited node by inc the index over the element.
        for (Integer s : adj.get(nextChild)) {
            if (!nodesToVisit.contains(s)) {
                nodesToVisit.add(s);// add the node to the END of the unvisited node list.
            }
        }
        System.out.println(nextChild);
    }
}

public static void main(String args[]) {
    Graph g = new Graph(5);

    g.addEdge(0, 1);
    g.addEdge(0, 2);
    g.addEdge(1, 2);
    g.addEdge(2, 0);
    g.addEdge(2, 3);
    g.addEdge(3, 3);
    g.addEdge(3, 1);
    g.addEdge(3, 4);

    System.out.println("Breadth First Traversal- starting from vertex 2:");
    g.BFS(2);
    System.out.println("Depth First Traversal- starting from vertex 2:");
    g.DFS(2);
}}

输出: 宽度优先遍历-从顶点2开始: 2 0 3. 1 4 深度优先遍历-从顶点2开始: 2 3. 4 1 0

虽然“使用堆栈”可能是人为的面试问题的答案，但实际上，它只是显式地做递归程序在幕后所做的事情。

递归使用程序内置堆栈。当你调用一个函数时，它将函数的参数推入堆栈，当函数返回时，它通过弹出程序堆栈来执行。

只是想把我的python实现添加到长长的解决方案列表中。这种非递归算法具有发现和完成事件。

worklist = [root_node]
visited = set()
while worklist:
    node = worklist[-1]
    if node in visited:
        # Node is finished
        worklist.pop()
    else:
        # Node is discovered
        visited.add(node)
        for child in node.children:
            worklist.append(child)

基于biziclops的ES6实现很棒的答案:

root = { text: "root", children: [{ text: "c1", children: [{ text: "c11" }, { text: "c12" }] }, { text: "c2", children: [{ text: "c21" }, { text: "c22" }] }, ] } console.log("DFS:") DFS(root, node => node.children, node => console.log(node.text)); console.log("BFS:") BFS(root, node => node.children, node => console.log(node.text)); function BFS(root, getChildren, visit) { let nodesToVisit = [root]; while (nodesToVisit.length > 0) { const currentNode = nodesToVisit.shift(); nodesToVisit = [ ...nodesToVisit, ...(getChildren(currentNode) || []), ]; visit(currentNode); } } function DFS(root, getChildren, visit) { let nodesToVisit = [root]; while (nodesToVisit.length > 0) { const currentNode = nodesToVisit.shift(); nodesToVisit = [ ...(getChildren(currentNode) || []), ...nodesToVisit, ]; visit(currentNode); } }