Static fields are de facto GC roots (see the How Garbage Collection Works section earlier in this chapter), which means they are never garbage-collected! For convenience alone, static fields and collections are often used to hold caches or share state across threads. Mutable static fields need to be cleaned up explicitly. If the developer does not consider every possibility (a near certainty), the cleanup will not take place, resulting in a memory leak. This sort of careless programming means that static fields and collections have become the most common cause of memory leaks!

简而言之，永远不要使用可变静态字段——只使用常量。如果您认为需要可变静态字段，请再三考虑!总有更合适的方法。

Its not very object oriented: One reason statics might be considered "evil" by some people is they are contrary the object-oriented paradigm. In particular, it violates the principle that data is encapsulated in objects (that can be extended, information hiding, etc). Statics, in the way you are describing using them, are essentially to use them as a global variable to avoid dealing with issues like scope. However, global variables is one of the defining characteristics of procedural or imperative programming paradigm, not a characteristic of "good" object oriented code. This is not to say the procedural paradigm is bad, but I get the impression your supervisor expects you to be writing "good object oriented code" and you're really wanting to write "good procedural code".

在Java中，当您开始使用静态时，有许多并不总是立即明显的陷阱。例如，如果在同一个VM中运行两个程序副本，它们会共享静态变量的值并混淆彼此的状态吗?或者当你扩展类时会发生什么，你能重写静态成员吗?您的虚拟机内存不足，因为您有疯狂的静态数据，并且内存不能为其他需要的实例对象回收?

Object Lifetime: Additionally, statics have a lifetime that matches the entire runtime of the program. This means, even once you're done using your class, the memory from all those static variables cannot be garbage collected. If, for example, instead, you made your variables non-static, and in your main() function you made a single instance of your class, and then asked your class to execute a particular function 10,000 times, once those 10,000 calls were done, and you delete your references to the single instance, all your static variables could be garbage collected and reused.

防止某些重复使用: 此外，静态方法不能用于实现接口，因此静态方法会阻止某些面向对象的特性的可用性。

Other Options: If efficiency is your primary concern, there might be other better ways to solve the speed problem than considering only the advantage of invocation being usually faster than creation. Consider whether the transient or volatile modifiers are needed anywhere. To preserve the ability to be inlined, a method could be marked as final instead of static. Method parameters and other variables can be marked final to permit certain compiler optimiazations based on assumptions about what can change those variables. An instance object could be reused multiple times rather than creating a new instance each time. There may be compliler optimization switches that should be turned on for the app in general. Perhaps, the design should be set up so that the 10,000 runs can be multi-threaded and take advantage of multi-processor cores. If portablity isn't a concern, maybe a native method would get you better speed than your statics do.

If for some reason you do not want multiple copies of an object, the singleton design pattern, has advantages over static objects, such as thread-safety (presuming your singleton is coded well), permitting lazy-initialization, guaranteeing the object has been properly initialized when it is used, sub-classing, advantages in testing and refactoring your code, not to mention, if at some point you change your mind about only wanting one instance of an object it is MUCH easier to remove the code to prevent duplicate instances than it is to refactor all your static variable code to use instance variables. I've had to do that before, its not fun, and you end up having to edit a lot more classes, which increases your risk of introducing new bugs...so much better to set things up "right" the first time, even if it seems like it has its disadvantages. For me, the re-work required should you decide down the road you need multiple copies of something is probably one of most compelling reasons to use statics as infrequently as possible. And thus I would also disagree with your statement that statics reduce inter-dependencies, I think you will end up with code that is more coupled if you have lots of statics that can be directly accessed, rather than an object that "knows how to do something" on itself.

还有一个原因:脆弱性。

如果你有一个类，大多数人都希望能够随意创建和使用它。

您可以记录这种情况，或者防止这种情况发生(单例/工厂模式)——但这是额外的工作，因此需要额外的成本。 即使这样，在大公司中，也有可能有人在某些时候尝试使用您的类，而没有完全注意到所有好的评论或工厂。

如果你经常使用静态变量，它就会崩溃。虫子是昂贵的。

在0.0001%的性能改进和可能不了解的开发人员更改的健壮性之间，在很多情况下健壮性是不错的选择。

静态变量最重要的是会造成数据安全性问题(任何时间更改，任何人都可以更改，直接访问而不需要对象等)。

欲了解更多信息，请阅读这篇文章 谢谢。

在我看来，你是在问静态变量，但你也在你的例子中指出了静态方法。

静态变量并不是邪恶的——它们被采用为全局变量，就像大多数情况下与最终修饰符结合的常量一样，但正如它所说的，不要过度使用它们。

静态方法又名实用方法。使用它们通常不是一个坏的做法，但主要的问题是它们可能阻碍测试。

作为一个伟大的java项目的例子，使用了大量的静态和做它的正确方式，请看看Play!框架。在SO中也有关于它的讨论。

与静态导入相结合的静态变量/方法也被广泛应用于方便java中声明性编程的库中，如:make it easy或Hamcrest。如果没有大量的静态变量和方法，这是不可能的。

所以静态变量(和方法)很好，但要明智地使用它们!

有人可能会建议，在使用静态变量的大多数情况下，您确实希望使用单例模式。

全局状态的问题在于，有时在简单的上下文中作为全局是有意义的，但在实际的上下文中需要更加灵活，这就是单例模式变得有用的地方。