我是一名Java程序员,刚进入企业界。最近我用Groovy和Java开发了一个应用程序。在我编写的所有代码中,都使用了相当多的静态元素。高级技术人员要求我减少使用的静态数据的数量。我在谷歌上搜索过相同的内容,我发现许多程序员都相当反对使用静态变量。

我发现静态变量使用起来更方便。而且我假定它们也是有效的(如果我错了请纠正我),因为如果我必须在一个类中对一个函数进行10,000次调用,我将很高兴使方法静态,并在其上使用直接的class . methodcall(),而不是用10,000个类实例使内存混乱,对吗?

此外,静态减少了对代码其他部分的相互依赖。他们可以作为完美的国家持有者。除此之外,我还发现一些语言(如Smalltalk和Scala)广泛地实现了静态。那么为什么程序员普遍反对静态(尤其是在Java世界中)呢?

PS:如果我对静态数据的假设是错误的,请纠正我。


当前回答

Static fields are de facto GC roots (see the How Garbage Collection Works section earlier in this chapter), which means they are never garbage-collected! For convenience alone, static fields and collections are often used to hold caches or share state across threads. Mutable static fields need to be cleaned up explicitly. If the developer does not consider every possibility (a near certainty), the cleanup will not take place, resulting in a memory leak. This sort of careless programming means that static fields and collections have become the most common cause of memory leaks!

简而言之,永远不要使用可变静态字段——只使用常量。如果您认为需要可变静态字段,请再三考虑!总有更合适的方法。

其他回答

Static fields are de facto GC roots (see the How Garbage Collection Works section earlier in this chapter), which means they are never garbage-collected! For convenience alone, static fields and collections are often used to hold caches or share state across threads. Mutable static fields need to be cleaned up explicitly. If the developer does not consider every possibility (a near certainty), the cleanup will not take place, resulting in a memory leak. This sort of careless programming means that static fields and collections have become the most common cause of memory leaks!

简而言之,永远不要使用可变静态字段——只使用常量。如果您认为需要可变静态字段,请再三考虑!总有更合适的方法。

总结在Java中使用静态方法的几个基本优点和缺点:

优点:

全局可访问,即不与任何特定的对象实例绑定。 每个JVM一个实例。 可以通过类名访问(不需要对象)。 包含一个适用于所有实例的值。 在JVM启动时加载,并在JVM关闭时死亡。 它们不会修改Object的状态。

缺点:

Static members are always part of memory whether they are in use or not. You can not control creation and destruction of static variable. Usefully they have been created at program loading and destroyed when program unload (or when JVM shuts down). You can make statics thread safe using synchronize but you need some extra efforts. If one thread change value of a static variable that can possibly break functionality of other threads. You must know “static“ before using it. You cannot override static methods. Serialization doesn't work well with them. They don't participate in runtime polymorphism. There is a memory issue (to some extent but not much I guess) if a large number of static variables/methods are used. Because they will not be Garbage Collected until program ends. Static methods are hard to test too.

静态变量有两个主要问题:

线程安全——静态资源根据定义不是线程安全的 代码隐式——你不知道一个静态变量何时被实例化,也不知道它是否会在另一个静态变量之前被实例化

邪恶是一个主观的术语。

你不能从创建和破坏的角度来控制静态。他们按照程序的要求生活装卸。

由于静态对象存在于一个空间中,所有希望使用它们的线程都必须通过您必须管理的访问控制。这意味着程序更加耦合,这种变化更难想象和管理(就像J Skeet说的那样)。这导致了隔离变更影响的问题,从而影响了如何管理测试。

这是我对他们的两个主要问题。

这里有很多很好的答案,

记忆: 静态变量只要类加载器存在(通常直到VM死亡)就存在,但这只是在大块对象/引用存储为静态的情况下。

模块化: 考虑IOC、依赖注入、代理等概念。所有这些都完全反对紧密耦合/静态实现。

其他缺点:线程安全性,可测试性