我是一名Java程序员,刚进入企业界。最近我用Groovy和Java开发了一个应用程序。在我编写的所有代码中,都使用了相当多的静态元素。高级技术人员要求我减少使用的静态数据的数量。我在谷歌上搜索过相同的内容,我发现许多程序员都相当反对使用静态变量。
我发现静态变量使用起来更方便。而且我假定它们也是有效的(如果我错了请纠正我),因为如果我必须在一个类中对一个函数进行10,000次调用,我将很高兴使方法静态,并在其上使用直接的class . methodcall(),而不是用10,000个类实例使内存混乱,对吗?
此外,静态减少了对代码其他部分的相互依赖。他们可以作为完美的国家持有者。除此之外,我还发现一些语言(如Smalltalk和Scala)广泛地实现了静态。那么为什么程序员普遍反对静态(尤其是在Java世界中)呢?
PS:如果我对静态数据的假设是错误的,请纠正我。
我只是对回答中的一些观点进行了总结。如果你发现任何错误,请随时改正。
伸缩性:每个JVM只有一个静态变量实例。假设我们正在开发一个图书馆管理系统,我们决定将book的名称作为一个静态变量,因为每本书只有一个。但是如果系统增长了,我们使用了多个jvm,那么我们就没有办法知道我们在处理哪本书了?
线程安全:在多线程环境中使用实例变量和静态变量都需要控制。但对于实例变量,它不需要保护,除非它在线程之间显式地共享,但对于静态变量,它总是由进程中的所有线程共享。
测试:虽然可测试的设计并不等于好的设计,但我们很少会看到一个好的设计是不可测试的。由于静态变量代表全局状态,因此测试它们非常困难。
关于状态的推理:如果我创建一个类的新实例,那么我们可以推理这个实例的状态,但如果它有静态变量,那么它可以处于任何状态。为什么?因为静态变量可能已经被一些不同的实例修改过,因为静态变量是跨实例共享的。
序列化:序列化也不能很好地与它们一起工作。
创建和销毁:静态变量的创建和销毁是无法控制的。通常它们在程序加载和卸载时被创建和销毁。这意味着它们不利于内存管理,还会在启动时增加初始化时间。
但如果我们真的需要它们呢?
但有时我们可能真的需要它们。如果我们真的觉得需要在应用程序中共享许多静态变量,那么一种选择是使用单例设计模式,它将拥有所有这些变量。或者我们可以创建一些对象,它有这些静态变量,可以被传递。
同样,如果静态变量被标记为final,它就变成了一个常量,赋给它一次的值就不能改变了。这意味着它将把我们从由于其可变性而面临的所有问题中拯救出来。
Static fields are de facto GC roots (see the How Garbage Collection Works section earlier in this chapter), which means they are never garbage-collected! For convenience alone, static fields and collections are often used to hold caches or share state across threads. Mutable static fields need to be cleaned up explicitly. If the developer does not consider every possibility (a near certainty), the cleanup will not take place, resulting in a memory leak. This sort of careless programming means that static fields and collections have become the most common cause of memory leaks!
简而言之,永远不要使用可变静态字段——只使用常量。如果您认为需要可变静态字段,请再三考虑!总有更合适的方法。
在你的文章中有两个主要问题。
First, about static variables.
Static variables are completelly unnecesary and it's use can be avoided easily. In OOP languajes in general, and in Java particularlly, function parameters are pased by reference, this is to say, if you pass an object to a funciont, you are passing a pointer to the object, so you dont need to define static variables since you can pass a pointer to the object to any scope that needs this information. Even if this implies that yo will fill your memory with pointers, this will not necesary represent a poor performance because actual memory pagging systems are optimized to handle with this, and they will maintain in memory the pages referenced by the pointers you passed to the new scope; usage of static variables may cause the system to load the memory page where they are stored when they need to be accessed (this will happen if the page has not been accesed in a long time). A good practice is to put all that static stuf together in some little "configuration clases", this will ensure the system puts it all in the same memory page.
Second, about static methods.
Static methods are not so bad, but they can quickly reduce performance. For example, think about a method that compares two objects of a class and returns a value indicating which of the objects is bigger (tipical comparison method) this method can be static or not, but when invoking it the non static form will be more eficient since it will have to solve only two references (one for each object) face to the three references that will have to solve the static version of the same method (one for the class plus two, one for each object). But as I say, this is not so bad, if we take a look at the Math class, we can find a lot of math functions defined as static methods. This is really more eficient than putting all these methods in the class defining the numbers, because most of them are rarelly used and including all of them in the number class will cause the class to be very complex and consume a lot of resources unnecesarilly.
总之:在处理静态或非静态方法时,避免使用静态变量,并找到正确的性能平衡。
PS:抱歉我的英语不好。