Static variables are generally considered bad because they represent global state and are therefore much more difficult to reason about. In particular, they break the assumptions of object-oriented programming. In object-oriented programming, each object has its own state, represented by instance (non-static) variables. Static variables represent state across instances which can be much more difficult to unit test. This is mainly because it is more difficult to isolate changes to static variables to a single test.

也就是说，区分常规静态变量(通常被认为是不好的)和最终静态变量(AKA常量;还不错)。

在你的文章中有两个主要问题。

First, about static variables. Static variables are completelly unnecesary and it's use can be avoided easily. In OOP languajes in general, and in Java particularlly, function parameters are pased by reference, this is to say, if you pass an object to a funciont, you are passing a pointer to the object, so you dont need to define static variables since you can pass a pointer to the object to any scope that needs this information. Even if this implies that yo will fill your memory with pointers, this will not necesary represent a poor performance because actual memory pagging systems are optimized to handle with this, and they will maintain in memory the pages referenced by the pointers you passed to the new scope; usage of static variables may cause the system to load the memory page where they are stored when they need to be accessed (this will happen if the page has not been accesed in a long time). A good practice is to put all that static stuf together in some little "configuration clases", this will ensure the system puts it all in the same memory page.

Second, about static methods. Static methods are not so bad, but they can quickly reduce performance. For example, think about a method that compares two objects of a class and returns a value indicating which of the objects is bigger (tipical comparison method) this method can be static or not, but when invoking it the non static form will be more eficient since it will have to solve only two references (one for each object) face to the three references that will have to solve the static version of the same method (one for the class plus two, one for each object). But as I say, this is not so bad, if we take a look at the Math class, we can find a lot of math functions defined as static methods. This is really more eficient than putting all these methods in the class defining the numbers, because most of them are rarelly used and including all of them in the number class will cause the class to be very complex and consume a lot of resources unnecesarilly.

总之:在处理静态或非静态方法时，避免使用静态变量，并找到正确的性能平衡。

PS:抱歉我的英语不好。

因为没有人*提到它:并发。如果有多个线程读取和写入静态变量，那么静态变量可能会让您感到惊讶。这在web应用程序(例如ASP.NET)中很常见，它会导致一些相当令人恼火的错误。例如，如果有一个静态变量由页面更新，并且页面由两个人“几乎同时”请求，一个用户可能会得到另一个用户所期望的结果，甚至更糟。

静态减少了对代码其他部分的相互依赖。他们可以作为完美的国家持有者

我希望您已经准备好使用锁和处理争用。

*事实上，Preet Sangha提到过。

a)关于程序的原因。

如果你有一个小型到中型的程序，其中静态变量Global。Foo被访问，对它的调用通常不知道从哪里来——没有路径，因此也没有时间轴，变量是如何到达这个地方的，它在哪里被使用。现在我怎么知道是谁设置了它的实际值呢?如果我现在修改它，我怎么知道会发生什么呢?我让grep覆盖整个源代码，收集所有访问，知道发生了什么。

如果你知道如何使用它，因为你只是写了代码，问题是看不见的，但如果你试着理解外国代码，你就会明白。

b)你真的只需要一个吗?

静态变量通常会阻止相同类型的多个程序在相同JVM中运行，但它们的值不同。您通常无法预见在哪些情况下您的程序的多个实例是有用的，但是如果它发展了，或者如果它对其他人有用，他们可能会遇到这样的情况，他们想要启动您的程序的多个实例。

只有那些在较长时间内不会被很多人密集使用的或多或少无用的代码才可能适合使用静态变量。

我认为过度使用全局变量和静态关键字也会导致应用程序中实例的某些点的内存泄漏

从我的观点来看，静态变量应该只读取数据或变量创建的约定。

For example we have a ui of some project, and we have a list of countries, languages, user roles, etc. And we have class to organize this data. we absolutely sure that app will not work without this lists. so the first that we do on app init is checking this list for updates and getting this list from api (if needed). So we agree that this data is "always" present in app. It is practically read only data so we don't need to take care of it's state - thinking about this case we really don't want to have a lot of instances of those data - this case looks a perfect candidate to be static.