可以使用threadlocal变量的两个用例- 1-当我们需要将状态与线程关联时(例如，用户ID或事务ID)。这通常发生在web应用程序中，每个发送到servlet的请求都有一个与之关联的唯一transactionID。

// This class will provide a thread local variable which
// will provide a unique ID for each thread
class ThreadId {
    // Atomic integer containing the next thread ID to be assigned
    private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(0);

    // Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
    private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadId =
        ThreadLocal.<Integer>withInitial(()-> {return nextId.getAndIncrement();});

    // Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
    public static int get() {
        return threadId.get();
    }
}

注意，这里的withInitial方法是使用lambda表达式实现的。 2-另一个用例是当我们想要一个线程安全的实例时，我们不想使用同步，因为同步的性能成本更高。其中一种情况是使用SimpleDateFormat。由于SimpleDateFormat不是线程安全的，所以我们必须提供机制使其线程安全。

public class ThreadLocalDemo1 implements Runnable {
    // threadlocal variable is created
    private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> dateFormat = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>(){
        @Override
        protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue(){
            System.out.println("Initializing SimpleDateFormat for - " + Thread.currentThread().getName() );
            return new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy");
        }
    };

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadLocalDemo1 td = new ThreadLocalDemo1();
        // Two threads are created
        Thread t1 = new Thread(td, "Thread-1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(td, "Thread-2");
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Thread run execution started for " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        System.out.println("Date formatter pattern is  " + dateFormat.get().toPattern());
        System.out.println("Formatted date is " + dateFormat.get().format(new Date()));
    } 

}

您必须非常小心地使用ThreadLocal模式。有一些主要的缺点，如Phil所提到的，但其中一个没有提到的是，要确保设置ThreadLocal上下文的代码不是“可重入的”。

当设置信息的代码第二次或第三次运行时，可能会发生糟糕的事情，因为线程上的信息可能会在您没有预料到的时候开始发生变化。因此，在再次设置ThreadLocal信息之前，请注意确保没有设置它。

Many frameworks use ThreadLocals to maintain some context related to the current thread. For example when the current transaction is stored in a ThreadLocal, you don't need to pass it as a parameter through every method call, in case someone down the stack needs access to it. Web applications might store information about the current request and session in a ThreadLocal, so that the application has easy access to them. With Guice you can use ThreadLocals when implementing custom scopes for the injected objects (Guice's default servlet scopes most probably use them as well).

ThreadLocals are one sort of global variables (although slightly less evil because they are restricted to one thread), so you should be careful when using them to avoid unwanted side-effects and memory leaks. Design your APIs so that the ThreadLocal values will always be automatically cleared when they are not needed anymore and that incorrect use of the API won't be possible (for example like this). ThreadLocals can be used to make the code cleaner, and in some rare cases they are the only way to make something work (my current project had two such cases; they are documented here under "Static Fields and Global Variables").

可以使用threadlocal变量的两个用例- 1-当我们需要将状态与线程关联时(例如，用户ID或事务ID)。这通常发生在web应用程序中，每个发送到servlet的请求都有一个与之关联的唯一transactionID。

// This class will provide a thread local variable which
// will provide a unique ID for each thread
class ThreadId {
    // Atomic integer containing the next thread ID to be assigned
    private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(0);

    // Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
    private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadId =
        ThreadLocal.<Integer>withInitial(()-> {return nextId.getAndIncrement();});

    // Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
    public static int get() {
        return threadId.get();
    }
}

注意，这里的withInitial方法是使用lambda表达式实现的。 2-另一个用例是当我们想要一个线程安全的实例时，我们不想使用同步，因为同步的性能成本更高。其中一种情况是使用SimpleDateFormat。由于SimpleDateFormat不是线程安全的，所以我们必须提供机制使其线程安全。

public class ThreadLocalDemo1 implements Runnable {
    // threadlocal variable is created
    private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> dateFormat = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>(){
        @Override
        protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue(){
            System.out.println("Initializing SimpleDateFormat for - " + Thread.currentThread().getName() );
            return new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy");
        }
    };

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadLocalDemo1 td = new ThreadLocalDemo1();
        // Two threads are created
        Thread t1 = new Thread(td, "Thread-1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(td, "Thread-2");
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Thread run execution started for " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
        System.out.println("Date formatter pattern is  " + dateFormat.get().toPattern());
        System.out.println("Formatted date is " + dateFormat.get().format(new Date()));
    } 

}

线程局部变量通常用于防止基于线程的设计中的共享 可变单例或全局变量。

在不使用连接池的情况下，它可以用于为每个线程建立单独的JDBC连接等场景。

private static ThreadLocal<Connection> connectionHolder
           = new ThreadLocal<Connection>() {
      public Connection initialValue() {
           return DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL);
          }
     };

public static Connection getConnection() {
      return connectionHolder.get();
} 

当您调用getConnection时，它将返回与该线程关联的连接。对于其他属性(如dateformat、事务上下文等)，您不希望在线程之间共享，也可以这样做。

您也可以使用局部变量来实现相同的目的，但是这些资源通常会占用创建时间，因此您不希望在使用它们执行某些业务逻辑时一次又一次地创建它们。然而，ThreadLocal值存储在线程对象本身中，一旦线程被垃圾收集，这些值也就消失了。

这个链接很好地解释了ThreadLocal的用法。

Threadlocal提供了一种非常简单的零成本实现对象可重用性的方法。

我遇到过这样一种情况，在每次更新通知时，多个线程都在创建可变缓存的映像。

我在每个线程上使用Threadlocal，然后每个线程只需要重置旧映像，然后在每次更新通知时从缓存中再次更新它。

来自对象池的通常可重用对象具有与之相关的线程安全成本，而此方法没有。