文档说得很好:“每个访问[线程局部变量]的线程(通过它的get或set方法)都有它自己的、独立初始化的变量副本”。

当每个线程必须有自己的某个副本时，可以使用一个。默认情况下，数据在线程之间共享。

Many frameworks use ThreadLocals to maintain some context related to the current thread. For example when the current transaction is stored in a ThreadLocal, you don't need to pass it as a parameter through every method call, in case someone down the stack needs access to it. Web applications might store information about the current request and session in a ThreadLocal, so that the application has easy access to them. With Guice you can use ThreadLocals when implementing custom scopes for the injected objects (Guice's default servlet scopes most probably use them as well).

ThreadLocals are one sort of global variables (although slightly less evil because they are restricted to one thread), so you should be careful when using them to avoid unwanted side-effects and memory leaks. Design your APIs so that the ThreadLocal values will always be automatically cleared when they are not needed anymore and that incorrect use of the API won't be possible (for example like this). ThreadLocals can be used to make the code cleaner, and in some rare cases they are the only way to make something work (my current project had two such cases; they are documented here under "Static Fields and Global Variables").

您必须非常小心地使用ThreadLocal模式。有一些主要的缺点，如Phil所提到的，但其中一个没有提到的是，要确保设置ThreadLocal上下文的代码不是“可重入的”。

当设置信息的代码第二次或第三次运行时，可能会发生糟糕的事情，因为线程上的信息可能会在您没有预料到的时候开始发生变化。因此，在再次设置ThreadLocal信息之前，请注意确保没有设置它。

试试这个小例子，感受一下ThreadLocal变量:

public class Book implements Runnable {
    private static final ThreadLocal<List<String>> WORDS = ThreadLocal.withInitial(ArrayList::new);

    private final String bookName; // It is also the thread's name
    private final List<String> words;


    public Book(String bookName, List<String> words) {
        this.bookName = bookName;
        this.words = Collections.unmodifiableList(words);
    }

    public void run() {
        WORDS.get().addAll(words);
        System.out.printf("Result %s: '%s'.%n", bookName, String.join(", ", WORDS.get()));
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Book("BookA", Arrays.asList("wordA1", "wordA2", "wordA3")));
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Book("BookB", Arrays.asList("wordB1", "wordB2")));
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

控制台输出，如果线程BookA先执行: 结果BookA: 'wordA1, wordA2, wordA3'。 结果BookB: 'wordB1, wordB2'。 控制台输出，如果先执行线程BookB: 结果BookB: 'wordB1, wordB2'。 结果BookA: 'wordA1, wordA2, wordA3'。

文档说得很好:“每个访问[线程局部变量]的线程(通过它的get或set方法)都有它自己的、独立初始化的变量副本”。

当每个线程必须有自己的某个副本时，可以使用一个。默认情况下，数据在线程之间共享。

ThreadLocal will ensure accessing the mutable object by the multiple threads in the non synchronized method is synchronized, means making the mutable object to be immutable within the method. This is achieved by giving new instance of mutable object for each thread try accessing it. So It is local copy to the each thread. This is some hack on making instance variable in a method to be accessed like a local variable. As you aware method local variable is only available to the thread, one difference is; method local variables will not available to the thread once method execution is over where as mutable object shared with threadlocal will be available across multiple methods till we clean it up.

通过定义:

Java中的ThreadLocal类允许您创建这样的变量 只能在同一线程上读写。这样，即使是两个线程 正在执行相同的代码，并且该代码有一个对 变量ThreadLocal，那么两个线程不能看到彼此的线程 ThreadLocal变量。

java中的每个线程都包含ThreadLocalMap。 在哪里

Key = One ThreadLocal object shared across threads.
value = Mutable object which has to be used synchronously, this will be instantiated for each thread.

实现ThreadLocal:

现在为ThreadLocal创建一个包装器类，它将保存如下所示的可变对象(有或没有initialValue())。现在这个包装器的getter和setter将工作于threadlocal实例，而不是可变对象。

如果threadlocal的getter()在线程的threadlocalmap中没有找到任何值;然后它将调用initialValue()来获得它相对于线程的私有副本。

class SimpleDateFormatInstancePerThread {

    private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> dateFormatHolder = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>() {

        @Override
        protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue() {
            SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd") {
                UUID id = UUID.randomUUID();
                @Override
                public String toString() {
                    return id.toString();
                };
            };
            System.out.println("Creating SimpleDateFormat instance " + dateFormat +" for Thread : " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
            return dateFormat;
        }
    };

    /*
     * Every time there is a call for DateFormat, ThreadLocal will return calling
     * Thread's copy of SimpleDateFormat
     */
    public static DateFormat getDateFormatter() {
        return dateFormatHolder.get();
    }

    public static void cleanup() {
        dateFormatHolder.remove();
    }
}

现在wrapper.getDateFormatter()将调用threadlocal.get()并检查currentThread。threadLocalMap包含这个(threadlocal)实例。 如果是，返回对应threadlocal实例的值(SimpleDateFormat) 否则使用这个threadlocal实例initialValue()添加映射。

在此可变类上实现线程安全;每个线程都使用自己的可变实例，但使用相同的ThreadLocal实例。意味着所有线程将共享相同的ThreadLocal实例作为key，但不同的SimpleDateFormat实例作为value。

https://github.com/skanagavelu/yt.tech/blob/master/src/ThreadLocalTest.java