一种可能的(也是常见的)用途是，当您有一些不是线程安全的对象，但您希望避免同步访问该对象(我正在看您，SimpleDateFormat)。相反，给每个线程它自己的对象实例。

例如:

public class Foo
{
    // SimpleDateFormat is not thread-safe, so give one to each thread
    private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> formatter = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>(){
        @Override
        protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue()
        {
            return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd HHmm");
        }
    };

    public String formatIt(Date date)
    {
        return formatter.get().format(date);
    }
}

文档。

什么时候?

当一个对象不是线程安全的时候，为了避免影响可伸缩性的同步，给每个线程一个对象，并保持它的线程作用域，即ThreadLocal。最常用但不是线程安全的对象之一是数据库Connection和JMSConnection。

如何?

例如，Spring框架通过将这些连接对象保存在ThreadLocal变量中，在幕后大量使用ThreadLocal来管理事务。在高层，当事务启动时，它获得连接(并禁用自动提交)并将其保存在ThreadLocal中。在进一步的db调用中，它使用相同的连接与db通信。最后，它从ThreadLocal获取连接，提交(或回滚)事务并释放连接。

我认为log4j也使用ThreadLocal来维护MDC。

Many frameworks use ThreadLocals to maintain some context related to the current thread. For example when the current transaction is stored in a ThreadLocal, you don't need to pass it as a parameter through every method call, in case someone down the stack needs access to it. Web applications might store information about the current request and session in a ThreadLocal, so that the application has easy access to them. With Guice you can use ThreadLocals when implementing custom scopes for the injected objects (Guice's default servlet scopes most probably use them as well).

ThreadLocals are one sort of global variables (although slightly less evil because they are restricted to one thread), so you should be careful when using them to avoid unwanted side-effects and memory leaks. Design your APIs so that the ThreadLocal values will always be automatically cleared when they are not needed anymore and that incorrect use of the API won't be possible (for example like this). ThreadLocals can be used to make the code cleaner, and in some rare cases they are the only way to make something work (my current project had two such cases; they are documented here under "Static Fields and Global Variables").

您必须非常小心地使用ThreadLocal模式。有一些主要的缺点，如Phil所提到的，但其中一个没有提到的是，要确保设置ThreadLocal上下文的代码不是“可重入的”。

当设置信息的代码第二次或第三次运行时，可能会发生糟糕的事情，因为线程上的信息可能会在您没有预料到的时候开始发生变化。因此，在再次设置ThreadLocal信息之前，请注意确保没有设置它。

当您希望某些状态不应该在不同线程之间共享，但每个线程在其整个生命周期内都可以访问时，ThreadLocal非常有用。

As an example, imagine a web application, where each request is served by a different thread. Imagine that for each request you need a piece of data multiple times, which is quite expensive to compute. However, that data might have changed for each incoming request, which means that you can't use a plain cache. A simple, quick solution to this problem would be to have a ThreadLocal variable holding access to this data, so that you have to calculate it only once for each request. Of course, this problem can also be solved without the use of ThreadLocal, but I devised it for illustration purposes.

也就是说，请记住ThreadLocals本质上是一种全局状态的形式。因此，它有许多其他含义，只有在考虑了所有其他可能的解决方案后才应该使用。

线程局部变量通常用于防止基于线程的设计中的共享 可变单例或全局变量。

在不使用连接池的情况下，它可以用于为每个线程建立单独的JDBC连接等场景。

private static ThreadLocal<Connection> connectionHolder
           = new ThreadLocal<Connection>() {
      public Connection initialValue() {
           return DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL);
          }
     };

public static Connection getConnection() {
      return connectionHolder.get();
} 

当您调用getConnection时，它将返回与该线程关联的连接。对于其他属性(如dateformat、事务上下文等)，您不希望在线程之间共享，也可以这样做。

您也可以使用局部变量来实现相同的目的，但是这些资源通常会占用创建时间，因此您不希望在使用它们执行某些业务逻辑时一次又一次地创建它们。然而，ThreadLocal值存储在线程对象本身中，一旦线程被垃圾收集，这些值也就消失了。

这个链接很好地解释了ThreadLocal的用法。