ThreadLocal in Java had been introduced on JDK 1.2 but was later generified in JDK 1.5 to introduce type safety on ThreadLocal variable. ThreadLocal can be associated with Thread scope, all the code which is executed by Thread has access to ThreadLocal variables but two thread can not see each others ThreadLocal variable. Each thread holds an exclusive copy of ThreadLocal variable which becomes eligible to Garbage collection after thread finished or died, normally or due to any Exception, Given those ThreadLocal variable doesn't have any other live references. ThreadLocal variables in Java are generally private static fields in Classes and maintain its state inside Thread.

阅读更多:Java示例程序和教程中的ThreadLocal

文档说得很好:“每个访问[线程局部变量]的线程(通过它的get或set方法)都有它自己的、独立初始化的变量副本”。

当每个线程必须有自己的某个副本时，可以使用一个。默认情况下，数据在线程之间共享。

自Java 8发布以来，有更多的声明性方法来初始化ThreadLocal:

ThreadLocal<String> local = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> "init value");

在Java 8发布之前，你必须做以下事情:

ThreadLocal<String> local = new ThreadLocal<String>(){
    @Override
    protected String initialValue() {
        return "init value";
    }
};

此外，如果用于ThreadLocal的类的实例化方法(构造函数，工厂方法)不接受任何参数，您可以简单地使用方法引用(在Java 8中引入):

class NotThreadSafe {
    // no parameters
    public NotThreadSafe(){}
}
    
ThreadLocal<NotThreadSafe> container = ThreadLocal.withInitial(NotThreadSafe::new);

注意: 计算是惰性的，因为你传递的java.util.function.Supplier lambda只在调用ThreadLocal#get但value之前没有计算时才会计算。

在多线程代码中使用类似SimpleDateFormat的类助手有三种场景，其中最好的一种是使用ThreadLocal

场景

1-通过锁或同步机制使用类似的共享对象，使应用程序变慢

线程池操作场景

2-在方法中作为局部对象使用

在线程池中，在这个场景中，如果我们有4个线程每个线程有1000个任务时间，那么我们有 创建了4000 SimpleDateFormat对象，并等待GC删除它们

3-使用ThreadLocal

在线程池中，如果我们有4个线程，我们给每个线程一个SimpleDateFormat实例 我们有4个线程，4个SimpleDateFormat对象。

不需要锁机制和对象的创建和销毁。(良好的时间复杂度和空间复杂度)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjMe9aecW_A

第一个用例——每个线程上下文，提供线程安全性和性能 SpringFramework类中的实时示例-

LocaleContextHolder TransactionContextHolder RequestContextHolder DateTimeContextHolder

第二个用例——当我们不想在线程之间共享一些东西，同时由于性能成本而不想使用同步/锁定时 SimpleDateFormat为日期创建自定义格式

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * @author - GreenLearner(https://www.youtube.com/c/greenlearner)
 */
public class ThreadLocalDemo1 {
    SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd-mm-yyyy");//not thread safe
    ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> tdl1 = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-dd-mm"));

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadLocalDemo1 d1 = new ThreadLocalDemo1();

        ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);

        for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
            es.submit(() -> System.out.println(d1.getDate(new Date())));
        }
        es.shutdown();
    }

    String getDate(Date date){

//        String s = tsdf.get().format(date);
        String s1 = tdl1.get().format(date);
        return s1;
    }
}

使用技巧

尽可能使用局部变量。这样我们就可以避免使用ThreadLocal 尽可能地将功能委托给框架 如果使用ThreadLocal并将状态设置在其中，请确保在使用后清理它，否则它可能成为OutOfMemoryError的主要原因

Nothing really new here, but I discovered today that ThreadLocal is very useful when using Bean Validation in a web application. Validation messages are localized, but by default use Locale.getDefault(). You can configure the Validator with a different MessageInterpolator, but there's no way to specify the Locale when you call validate. So you could create a static ThreadLocal<Locale> (or better yet, a general container with other things you might need to be ThreadLocal and then have your custom MessageInterpolator pick the Locale from that. Next step is to write a ServletFilter which uses a session value or request.getLocale() to pick the locale and store it in your ThreadLocal reference.