private int get_bits_set(int v)
{
    int c; // 'c' accumulates the total bits set in 'v'
    for (c = 0; v>0; c++)
    {
        v &= v - 1; // Clear the least significant bit set
    }
    return c;
}

如果您恰好使用Java，则内置方法Integer。bitCount会这样做。

我提供了另一个未提及的算法，称为并行，从这里取。它的优点是它是通用的，这意味着代码对于8、16、32、64和128位大小是相同的。

我检查了它的值的正确性和时间的数量为2^26位大小为8,16,32和64位。请看下面的时间安排。

该算法是第一个代码片段。这里提到另外两个只是为了参考，因为我测试和比较了它们。

算法是用c++编写的，是通用的，但它可以很容易地应用到旧的C中。

#include <type_traits>
#include <cstdint>

template <typename IntT>
inline size_t PopCntParallel(IntT n) {
    // https://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel
    using T = std::make_unsigned_t<IntT>;

    T v = T(n);
    v = v - ((v >> 1) & (T)~(T)0/3);                           // temp
    v = (v & (T)~(T)0/15*3) + ((v >> 2) & (T)~(T)0/15*3);      // temp
    v = (v + (v >> 4)) & (T)~(T)0/255*15;                      // temp
    return size_t((T)(v * ((T)~(T)0/255)) >> (sizeof(T) - 1) * 8); // count
}

下面是我比较的两种算法。一个是带有循环的Kernighan简单方法，从这里开始。

template <typename IntT>
inline size_t PopCntKernighan(IntT n) {
    // http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetKernighan
    using T = std::make_unsigned_t<IntT>;
    T v = T(n);
    size_t c;
    for (c = 0; v; ++c)
        v &= v - 1; // Clear the least significant bit set
    return c;
}

另一个是使用内置的__popcnt16()/__popcnt()/__popcnt64() MSVC的内在(doc在这里)。或CLang/GCC (doc)的__builtin_popcount。这个内在应该提供一个非常优化的版本，可能是硬件:

#ifdef _MSC_VER
    // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/popcnt16-popcnt-popcnt64?view=msvc-160
    #include <intrin.h>
    #define popcnt16 __popcnt16
    #define popcnt32 __popcnt
    #define popcnt64 __popcnt64
#else
    // https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html
    #define popcnt16 __builtin_popcount
    #define popcnt32 __builtin_popcount
    #define popcnt64 __builtin_popcountll
#endif

template <typename IntT>
inline size_t PopCntBuiltin(IntT n) {
    using T = std::make_unsigned_t<IntT>;
    T v = T(n);
    if constexpr(sizeof(IntT) <= 2)
        return popcnt16(uint16_t(v));
    else if constexpr(sizeof(IntT) <= 4)
        return popcnt32(uint32_t(v));
    else if constexpr(sizeof(IntT) <= 8)
        return popcnt64(uint64_t(v));
    else
        static_assert([]{ return false; }());
}

以下是计时，以纳秒为单位。所有的计时都是对2^26个随机数进行的。比较了所有三种算法的计时以及8、16、32和64之间的所有比特大小。总的来说，所有测试在我的机器上花费了16秒。使用了高分辨率时钟。

08 bit Builtin 8.2 ns
08 bit Parallel 8.2 ns
08 bit Kernighan 26.7 ns

16 bit Builtin 7.7 ns
16 bit Parallel 7.7 ns
16 bit Kernighan 39.7 ns

32 bit Builtin 7.0 ns
32 bit Parallel 7.0 ns
32 bit Kernighan 47.9 ns

64 bit Builtin 7.5 ns
64 bit Parallel 7.5 ns
64 bit Kernighan 59.4 ns

128 bit Builtin 7.8 ns
128 bit Parallel 13.8 ns
128 bit Kernighan 127.6 ns

可以看到，所提供的并行算法(在三个算法中排名第一)与MSVC /CLang的固有算法一样好。

作为参考，下面是我用来测试所有函数的速度/时间/正确性的完整代码。

作为奖励，这段代码(不像上面的短代码片段)也测试128位大小，但只在CLang/GCC下(不是MSVC)，因为它们有unsigned __int128。

在网上试试!

#include <type_traits>
#include <cstdint>

using std::size_t;

#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
    #define IS_MSVC 1
#else
    #define IS_MSVC 0
#endif

#if IS_MSVC
    #define HAS128 false
#else
    using int128_t = __int128;
    using uint128_t = unsigned __int128;
    #define HAS128 true
#endif

template <typename T> struct UnSignedT { using type = std::make_unsigned_t<T>; };
#if HAS128
    template <> struct UnSignedT<int128_t> { using type = uint128_t; };
    template <> struct UnSignedT<uint128_t> { using type = uint128_t; };
#endif
template <typename T> using UnSigned = typename UnSignedT<T>::type;

template <typename IntT>
inline size_t PopCntParallel(IntT n) {
    // https://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetParallel
    using T = UnSigned<IntT>;

    T v = T(n);
    v = v - ((v >> 1) & (T)~(T)0/3);                           // temp
    v = (v & (T)~(T)0/15*3) + ((v >> 2) & (T)~(T)0/15*3);      // temp
    v = (v + (v >> 4)) & (T)~(T)0/255*15;                      // temp
    return size_t((T)(v * ((T)~(T)0/255)) >> (sizeof(T) - 1) * 8); // count
}

template <typename IntT>
inline size_t PopCntKernighan(IntT n) {
    // http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#CountBitsSetKernighan
    using T = UnSigned<IntT>;
    T v = T(n);
    size_t c;
    for (c = 0; v; ++c)
        v &= v - 1; // Clear the least significant bit set
    return c;
}

#if IS_MSVC
    // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/popcnt16-popcnt-popcnt64?view=msvc-160
    #include <intrin.h>
    #define popcnt16 __popcnt16
    #define popcnt32 __popcnt
    #define popcnt64 __popcnt64
#else
    // https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html
    #define popcnt16 __builtin_popcount
    #define popcnt32 __builtin_popcount
    #define popcnt64 __builtin_popcountll
#endif

#define popcnt128(x) (popcnt64(uint64_t(x)) + popcnt64(uint64_t(x >> 64)))

template <typename IntT>
inline size_t PopCntBuiltin(IntT n) {
    using T = UnSigned<IntT>;
    T v = T(n);
    if constexpr(sizeof(IntT) <= 2)
        return popcnt16(uint16_t(v));
    else if constexpr(sizeof(IntT) <= 4)
        return popcnt32(uint32_t(v));
    else if constexpr(sizeof(IntT) <= 8)
        return popcnt64(uint64_t(v));
    else if constexpr(sizeof(IntT) <= 16)
        return popcnt128(uint128_t(v));
    else
        static_assert([]{ return false; }());
}

#include <random>
#include <vector>
#include <chrono>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <map>

inline double Time() {
    static auto const gtb = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
        std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - gtb).count();
}

template <typename T, typename F>
void Test(std::string const & name, F f) {
    std::mt19937_64 rng{123};
    size_t constexpr bit_size = sizeof(T) * 8, ntests = 1 << 6, nnums = 1 << 14;
    std::vector<T> nums(nnums);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < nnums; ++i)
        nums[i] = T(rng() % ~T(0));
    static std::map<size_t, size_t> times;
    double min_time = 1000;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ntests; ++i) {
        double timer = Time();
        size_t sum = 0;
        for (size_t j = 0; j < nnums; j += 4)
            sum += f(nums[j + 0]) + f(nums[j + 1]) + f(nums[j + 2]) + f(nums[j + 3]);
        auto volatile vsum = sum;
        min_time = std::min(min_time, (Time() - timer) / nnums);
        if (times.count(bit_size) && times.at(bit_size) != sum)
            std::cout << "Wrong bit cnt checksum!" << std::endl;
        times[bit_size] = sum;
    }
    std::cout << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << bit_size
        << " bit " << name << " " << std::fixed << std::setprecision(1)
        << min_time * 1000000000 << " ns" << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    #define TEST(T) \
        Test<T>("Builtin", PopCntBuiltin<T>); \
        Test<T>("Parallel", PopCntParallel<T>); \
        Test<T>("Kernighan", PopCntKernighan<T>); \
        std::cout << std::endl;
    
    TEST(uint8_t); TEST(uint16_t); TEST(uint32_t); TEST(uint64_t);
    #if HAS128
        TEST(uint128_t);
    #endif
    
    #undef TEST
}

几个悬而未决的问题:-

如果这个数是负的呢? 如果这个数字是1024，那么“迭代除以2”方法将迭代10次。

我们可以修改算法以支持负数:-

count = 0
while n != 0
if ((n % 2) == 1 || (n % 2) == -1
    count += 1
  n /= 2  
return count

现在为了克服第二个问题，我们可以编写这样的算法:-

int bit_count(int num)
{
    int count=0;
    while(num)
    {
        num=(num)&(num-1);
        count++;
    }
    return count;
}

完整参考请参见:

http://goursaha.freeoda.com/Miscellaneous/IntegerBitCount.html

在我看来，“最好”的解决方案是另一个程序员(或者两年后的原始程序员)可以阅读而不需要大量注释的解决方案。你可能想要最快或最聪明的解决方案，有些人已经提供了，但我更喜欢可读性而不是聪明。

unsigned int bitCount (unsigned int value) {
    unsigned int count = 0;
    while (value > 0) {           // until all bits are zero
        if ((value & 1) == 1)     // check lower bit
            count++;
        value >>= 1;              // shift bits, removing lower bit
    }
    return count;
}

如果你想要更快的速度(并且假设你很好地记录了它，以帮助你的继任者)，你可以使用表格查找:

// Lookup table for fast calculation of bits set in 8-bit unsigned char.

static unsigned char oneBitsInUChar[] = {
//  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  A  B  C  D  E  F (<- n)
//  =====================================================
    0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, // 0n
    1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, // 1n
    : : :
    4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 8, // Fn
};

// Function for fast calculation of bits set in 16-bit unsigned short.

unsigned char oneBitsInUShort (unsigned short x) {
    return oneBitsInUChar [x >>    8]
         + oneBitsInUChar [x &  0xff];
}

// Function for fast calculation of bits set in 32-bit unsigned int.

unsigned char oneBitsInUInt (unsigned int x) {
    return oneBitsInUShort (x >>     16)
         + oneBitsInUShort (x &  0xffff);
}

这些依赖于特定的数据类型大小，所以它们不是那么可移植的。但是，由于许多性能优化是不可移植的，这可能不是一个问题。如果您想要可移植性，我会坚持使用可读的解决方案。

这是一个可移植的模块(ANSI-C)，它可以在任何架构上对每个算法进行基准测试。

你的CPU有9位字节?目前它实现了2个算法，K&R算法和一个字节查找表。查找表的平均速度比K&R算法快3倍。如果有人能想出办法使“黑客的喜悦”算法可移植，请随意添加它。

#ifndef _BITCOUNT_H_
#define _BITCOUNT_H_

/* Return the Hamming Wieght of val, i.e. the number of 'on' bits. */
int bitcount( unsigned int );

/* List of available bitcount algorithms.  
 * onTheFly:    Calculate the bitcount on demand.
 *
 * lookupTalbe: Uses a small lookup table to determine the bitcount.  This
 * method is on average 3 times as fast as onTheFly, but incurs a small
 * upfront cost to initialize the lookup table on the first call.
 *
 * strategyCount is just a placeholder. 
 */
enum strategy { onTheFly, lookupTable, strategyCount };

/* String represenations of the algorithm names */
extern const char *strategyNames[];

/* Choose which bitcount algorithm to use. */
void setStrategy( enum strategy );

#endif

.

#include <limits.h>

#include "bitcount.h"

/* The number of entries needed in the table is equal to the number of unique
 * values a char can represent which is always UCHAR_MAX + 1*/
static unsigned char _bitCountTable[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
static unsigned int _lookupTableInitialized = 0;

static int _defaultBitCount( unsigned int val ) {
    int count;

    /* Starting with:
     * 1100 - 1 == 1011,  1100 & 1011 == 1000
     * 1000 - 1 == 0111,  1000 & 0111 == 0000
     */
    for ( count = 0; val; ++count )
        val &= val - 1;

    return count;
}

/* Looks up each byte of the integer in a lookup table.
 *
 * The first time the function is called it initializes the lookup table.
 */
static int _tableBitCount( unsigned int val ) {
    int bCount = 0;

    if ( !_lookupTableInitialized ) {
        unsigned int i;
        for ( i = 0; i != UCHAR_MAX + 1; ++i )
            _bitCountTable[i] =
                ( unsigned char )_defaultBitCount( i );

        _lookupTableInitialized = 1;
    }

    for ( ; val; val >>= CHAR_BIT )
        bCount += _bitCountTable[val & UCHAR_MAX];

    return bCount;
}

static int ( *_bitcount ) ( unsigned int ) = _defaultBitCount;

const char *strategyNames[] = { "onTheFly", "lookupTable" };

void setStrategy( enum strategy s ) {
    switch ( s ) {
    case onTheFly:
        _bitcount = _defaultBitCount;
        break;
    case lookupTable:
        _bitcount = _tableBitCount;
        break;
    case strategyCount:
        break;
    }
}

/* Just a forwarding function which will call whichever version of the
 * algorithm has been selected by the client 
 */
int bitcount( unsigned int val ) {
    return _bitcount( val );
}

#ifdef _BITCOUNT_EXE_

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

/* Use the same sequence of pseudo random numbers to benmark each Hamming
 * Weight algorithm.
 */
void benchmark( int reps ) {
    clock_t start, stop;
    int i, j;
    static const int iterations = 1000000;

    for ( j = 0; j != strategyCount; ++j ) {
        setStrategy( j );

        srand( 257 );

        start = clock(  );

        for ( i = 0; i != reps * iterations; ++i )
            bitcount( rand(  ) );

        stop = clock(  );

        printf
            ( "\n\t%d psudoe-random integers using %s: %f seconds\n\n",
              reps * iterations, strategyNames[j],
              ( double )( stop - start ) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC );
    }
}

int main( void ) {
    int option;

    while ( 1 ) {
        printf( "Menu Options\n"
            "\t1.\tPrint the Hamming Weight of an Integer\n"
            "\t2.\tBenchmark Hamming Weight implementations\n"
            "\t3.\tExit ( or cntl-d )\n\n\t" );

        if ( scanf( "%d", &option ) == EOF )
            break;

        switch ( option ) {
        case 1:
            printf( "Please enter the integer: " );
            if ( scanf( "%d", &option ) != EOF )
                printf
                    ( "The Hamming Weight of %d ( 0x%X ) is %d\n\n",
                      option, option, bitcount( option ) );
            break;
        case 2:
            printf
                ( "Please select number of reps ( in millions ): " );
            if ( scanf( "%d", &option ) != EOF )
                benchmark( option );
            break;
        case 3:
            goto EXIT;
            break;
        default:
            printf( "Invalid option\n" );
        }

    }

 EXIT:
    printf( "\n" );

    return 0;
}

#endif