努力使你的递归调用尾部递归(递归的最后一个语句是递归调用)。一旦你有了它，将它转换为迭代通常是相当容易的。

努力使你的递归调用尾部递归(递归的最后一个语句是递归调用)。一旦你有了它，将它转换为迭代通常是相当容易的。

实际上，最常见的方法是保留自己的堆栈。下面是一个C语言的递归快速排序函数:

void quicksort(int* array, int left, int right)
{
    if(left >= right)
        return;

    int index = partition(array, left, right);
    quicksort(array, left, index - 1);
    quicksort(array, index + 1, right);
}

以下是我们如何通过保持自己的堆栈来实现迭代:

void quicksort(int *array, int left, int right)
{
    int stack[1024];
    int i=0;

    stack[i++] = left;
    stack[i++] = right;

    while (i > 0)
    {
        right = stack[--i];
        left = stack[--i];

        if (left >= right)
             continue;

        int index = partition(array, left, right);
        stack[i++] = left;
        stack[i++] = index - 1;
        stack[i++] = index + 1;
        stack[i++] = right;
    }
}

显然，这个例子没有检查堆栈边界……实际上，你可以根据最坏的情况来确定堆栈的大小。但你懂的。

This is an old question but I want to add a different aspect as a solution. I'm currently working on a project in which I used the flood fill algorithm using C#. Normally, I implemented this algorithm with recursion at first, but obviously, it caused a stack overflow. After that, I changed the method from recursion to iteration. Yes, It worked and I was no longer getting the stack overflow error. But this time, since I applied the flood fill method to very large structures, the program was going into an infinite loop. For this reason, it occurred to me that the function may have re-entered the places it had already visited. As a definitive solution to this, I decided to use a dictionary for visited points. If that node(x,y) has already been added to the stack structure for the first time, that node(x,y) will be saved in the dictionary as the key. Even if the same node is tried to be added again later, it won't be added to the stack structure because the node is already in the dictionary. Let's see on pseudo-code:

startNode = pos(x,y)

Stack stack = new Stack();

Dictionary visited<pos, bool> = new Dictionary();

stack.Push(startNode);

while(stack.count != 0){
    currentNode = stack.Pop();
    if "check currentNode if not available"
        continue;
    if "check if already handled"
        continue;
    else if "run if it must be wanted thing should be handled"      
        // make something with pos currentNode.X and currentNode.X  
        
        // then add its neighbor nodes to the stack to iterate
        // but at first check if it has already been visited.
        
        if(!visited.Contains(pos(x-1,y)))
            visited[pos(x-1,y)] = true;
            stack.Push(pos(x-1,y));
        if(!visited.Contains(pos(x+1,y)))
            ...
        if(!visited.Contains(pos(x,y+1)))
            ...
        if(!visited.Contains(pos(x,y-1)))
            ...
}

在谷歌中搜索“延续传递样式”。有一个转换为尾部递归样式的一般过程;还有一个将尾部递归函数转换为循环的通用过程。

我的例子是用Clojure编写的，但是应该很容易翻译成任何语言。

给定这个函数，当n值较大时StackOverflows:

(defn factorial [n]
  (if (< n 2)
    1
    (*' n (factorial (dec n)))))

我们可以用以下方式定义一个使用自己堆栈的版本:

(defn factorial [n]
  (loop [n n
         stack []]
    (if (< n 2)
      (return 1 stack)
      ;; else loop with new values
      (recur (dec n)
             ;; push function onto stack
             (cons (fn [n-1!]
                     (*' n n-1!))
                   stack)))))

其中return定义为:

(defn return
  [v stack]
  (reduce (fn [acc f]
            (f acc))
          v
          stack))

这也适用于更复杂的函数，例如阿克曼函数:

(defn ackermann [m n]
  (cond
    (zero? m)
    (inc n)

    (zero? n)
    (recur (dec m) 1)

    :else
    (recur (dec m)
           (ackermann m (dec n)))))

可以转化为:

(defn ackermann [m n]
  (loop [m m
         n n
         stack []]
    (cond
      (zero? m)
      (return (inc n) stack)

      (zero? n)
      (recur (dec m) 1 stack)

      :else
      (recur m
             (dec n)
             (cons #(ackermann (dec m) %)
                   stack)))))