在我的一次采访中,我被要求解释接口类和抽象类之间的区别。
以下是我的回答:
Methods of a Java interface are implicitly abstract
and cannot have implementations. A Java abstract class can have
instance methods that implements a default behaviour.
Variables declared in a Java interface are by default final. An
abstract class may contain non-final variables.
Members of a Java interface are public by default. A Java abstract
class can have the usual flavours of class members like private,
protected, etc.
A Java interface should be implemented using keyword “implements”; A
Java abstract class should be extended using keyword “extends”.
An interface can extend another Java interface only, an abstract class
can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java interfaces.
A Java class can implement multiple interfaces but it can extend only
one abstract class.
然而,面试官并不满意,他告诉我这种描述代表了“书本知识”。
他让我给出一个更实际的回答,用实际的例子解释我什么时候会选择抽象类而不是接口。
我哪里错了?
这个世界上没有什么是完美的。他们可能期待的是更实际的方法。
但在你解释之后,你可以用稍微不同的方法添加这些行。
Interfaces are rules (rules because you must give an implementation to them that you can't ignore or avoid, so that they are imposed like rules) which works as a common understanding document among various teams in software development.
Interfaces give the idea what is to be done but not how it will be done. So implementation completely depends on developer by following the given rules (means given signature of methods).
Abstract classes may contain abstract declarations, concrete implementations, or both.
Abstract declarations are like rules to be followed and concrete implementations are like guidelines (you can use it as it is or you can ignore it by overriding and giving your own implementation to it).
Moreover which methods with same signature may change the behaviour in different context are provided as interface declarations as rules to implement accordingly in different contexts.
编辑:Java 8简化了在接口中定义默认方法和静态方法。
public interface SomeInterfaceOne {
void usualAbstractMethod(String inputString);
default void defaultMethod(String inputString){
System.out.println("Inside SomeInterfaceOne defaultMethod::"+inputString);
}
}
现在,当一个类将实现SomeInterface时,并不强制为interface的默认方法提供实现。
如果我们有另一个具有以下方法的接口:
public interface SomeInterfaceTwo {
void usualAbstractMethod(String inputString);
default void defaultMethod(String inputString){
System.out.println("Inside SomeInterfaceTwo defaultMethod::"+inputString);
}
}
Java不允许扩展多个类,因为这会导致“钻石问题”,即编译器无法决定使用哪个超类方法。如果使用默认方法,接口也会出现菱形问题。因为如果一个类同时实现这两个
SomeInterfaceOne and SomeInterfaceTwo
并且没有实现常见的默认方法,编译器不能决定选择哪一个。
为了避免这个问题,在java 8中必须实现不同接口的通用缺省方法。如果任何类实现了上述两个接口,它必须提供defaultMethod()方法的实现,否则编译器将抛出编译时错误。
当我试图在两个密切相关的类之间共享行为时,我创建了一个包含公共行为的抽象类,并作为两个类的父类。
当我试图定义Type(对象的用户可以可靠地调用的方法列表)时,我创建了一个接口。
例如,我绝不会创建一个只有一个具体子类的抽象类,因为抽象类是关于共享行为的。但是我很可能创建一个只有一个实现的接口。我的代码的用户不会知道只有一个实现。实际上,在未来的版本中可能会有几个实现,它们都是一些新的抽象类的子类,这些抽象类在我创建接口时甚至还不存在。
这似乎也有点太书生气了(尽管我在记忆中从未见过这样的说法)。如果面试官(或OP)真的想要更多关于这方面的个人经验,我早就准备好了关于界面是出于必要而进化的轶事,反之亦然。
One more thing. Java 8 now allows you to put default code into an interface, further blurring the line between interfaces and abstract classes. But from what I have seen, that feature is overused even by the makers of the Java core libraries. That feature was added, and rightly so, to make it possible to extend an interface without creating binary incompatibility. But if you are making a brand new Type by defining an interface, then the interface should be JUST an interface. If you want to also provide common code, then by all means make a helper class (abstract or concrete). Don't be cluttering your interface from the start with functionality that you may want to change.
接口由单例变量(公共静态final)和公共抽象方法组成。当我们知道要做什么但不知道如何做时,我们通常更喜欢实时使用接口。
这个概念可以通过以下例子更好地理解:
考虑一个支付类。支付方式有很多种,比如PayPal,信用卡等。因此,我们通常将Payment作为接口,其中包含makePayment()方法,CreditCard和PayPal是两个实现类。
public interface Payment
{
void makePayment();//by default it is a abstract method
}
public class PayPal implements Payment
{
public void makePayment()
{
//some logic for PayPal payment
//e.g. Paypal uses username and password for payment
}
}
public class CreditCard implements Payment
{
public void makePayment()
{
//some logic for CreditCard payment
//e.g. CreditCard uses card number, date of expiry etc...
}
}
在上面的例子中,CreditCard和PayPal是两个实现类/策略。接口还允许我们在Java中实现多重继承的概念,这是抽象类无法实现的。
当我们知道某些特性该做什么,而其他特性又知道如何执行时,我们就会选择一个抽象类。
考虑下面的例子:
public abstract class Burger
{
public void packing()
{
//some logic for packing a burger
}
public abstract void price(); //price is different for different categories of burgers
}
public class VegBerger extends Burger
{
public void price()
{
//set price for a veg burger.
}
}
public class NonVegBerger extends Burger
{
public void price()
{
//set price for a non-veg burger.
}
}
如果我们将来在给定的抽象类中添加方法(具体的/抽象的),那么实现类将不需要更改其代码。但是,如果将来在接口中添加方法,则必须将实现添加到实现该接口的所有类中,否则会发生编译时错误。
还有其他不同之处,但这些都是面试官所期望的。希望这对你们有帮助。
接口是一个“契约”,其中实现契约的类承诺实现方法。举个例子,当我将一款游戏从2D升级到3D时,我不得不编写一个界面而不是类。我必须创建一个界面来共享2D和3D版本的游戏类别。
package adventure;
import java.awt.*;
public interface Playable {
public void playSound(String s);
public Image loadPicture(String s);
}
然后我可以实现基于环境的方法,同时仍然能够从一个不知道正在加载的游戏版本的对象调用这些方法。
公共类Adventure扩展了JFrame实现了Playable
公共类Dungeon3D扩展了SimpleApplication实现的Playable
公共类Main扩展了SimpleApplication实现了AnimEventListener
ActionListener,播放
通常,在游戏世界中,世界可以是一个抽象类,在游戏中执行方法:
public abstract class World...
public Playable owner;
public Playable getOwner() {
return owner;
}
public void setOwner(Playable owner) {
this.owner = owner;
}