在我的一次采访中,我被要求解释接口类和抽象类之间的区别。

以下是我的回答:

Methods of a Java interface are implicitly abstract and cannot have implementations. A Java abstract class can have instance methods that implements a default behaviour. Variables declared in a Java interface are by default final. An abstract class may contain non-final variables. Members of a Java interface are public by default. A Java abstract class can have the usual flavours of class members like private, protected, etc. A Java interface should be implemented using keyword “implements”; A Java abstract class should be extended using keyword “extends”. An interface can extend another Java interface only, an abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java interfaces. A Java class can implement multiple interfaces but it can extend only one abstract class.

然而,面试官并不满意,他告诉我这种描述代表了“书本知识”。

他让我给出一个更实际的回答,用实际的例子解释我什么时候会选择抽象类而不是接口。

我哪里错了?


当前回答

抽象类不是纯粹的抽象,因为它是具体方法(已实现方法)和未实现方法的集合。 但 接口是纯抽象的,因为只有未实现的方法,没有具体的方法。

为什么是抽象类?

如果用户想为所有对象编写通用功能。 抽象类是未来重新实现的最佳选择,可以在不影响最终用户的情况下增加更多的功能。

为什么接口?

如果用户想要编写不同的功能,那将是对象上的不同功能。 一旦接口发布,如果不需要修改需求,接口是最好的选择。

其他回答

这个世界上没有什么是完美的。他们可能期待的是更实际的方法。

但在你解释之后,你可以用稍微不同的方法添加这些行。

Interfaces are rules (rules because you must give an implementation to them that you can't ignore or avoid, so that they are imposed like rules) which works as a common understanding document among various teams in software development. Interfaces give the idea what is to be done but not how it will be done. So implementation completely depends on developer by following the given rules (means given signature of methods). Abstract classes may contain abstract declarations, concrete implementations, or both. Abstract declarations are like rules to be followed and concrete implementations are like guidelines (you can use it as it is or you can ignore it by overriding and giving your own implementation to it). Moreover which methods with same signature may change the behaviour in different context are provided as interface declarations as rules to implement accordingly in different contexts.

编辑:Java 8简化了在接口中定义默认方法和静态方法。

public interface SomeInterfaceOne {

    void usualAbstractMethod(String inputString);

    default void defaultMethod(String inputString){
        System.out.println("Inside SomeInterfaceOne defaultMethod::"+inputString);
    }
}

现在,当一个类将实现SomeInterface时,并不强制为interface的默认方法提供实现。

如果我们有另一个具有以下方法的接口:

public interface SomeInterfaceTwo {

    void usualAbstractMethod(String inputString);

    default void defaultMethod(String inputString){
        System.out.println("Inside SomeInterfaceTwo defaultMethod::"+inputString);
    }

}

Java不允许扩展多个类,因为这会导致“钻石问题”,即编译器无法决定使用哪个超类方法。如果使用默认方法,接口也会出现菱形问题。因为如果一个类同时实现这两个

SomeInterfaceOne and SomeInterfaceTwo

并且没有实现常见的默认方法,编译器不能决定选择哪一个。 为了避免这个问题,在java 8中必须实现不同接口的通用缺省方法。如果任何类实现了上述两个接口,它必须提供defaultMethod()方法的实现,否则编译器将抛出编译时错误。

是的,从技术上讲,你的回答是正确的,但你的错误之处在于,你没有向他们表明你理解选择其中一个的利弊。此外,他们可能担心将来升级时代码库的兼容性问题。这种类型的回答可能有帮助(除了你说的):

"Choosing an Abstract Class over an Interface Class depends on what we project the future of the code will be. Abstract classes allow better forward-compatibility because you can continue adding behavior to an Abstract Class well into the future without breaking your existing code --> this is not possible with an Interface Class. On the other hand, Interface Classes are more flexible than Abstract Classes. This is because they can implement multiple interfaces. The thing is Java does not have multiple inheritances so using abstract classes won't let you use any other class hierarchy structure... So, in the end a good general rule of thumb is: Prefer using Interface Classes when there are no existing/default implementations in your codebase. And, use Abstract Classes to preserve compatibility if you know you will be updating your class in the future."

祝你下次面试好运!

在Java中选择接口是为了避免多重继承中的菱形问题。

如果你想让你所有的方法都由你的客户端实现,你可以选择接口。这意味着你要抽象地设计整个应用程序。

如果您已经知道它们的共同点,那么您就可以选择抽象类。例如,取一个抽象类Car。在更高的级别上实现常见的car方法,如calculateRPM()。这是一种常见的方法,你让客户端实现他自己的行为,比如 calculateMaxSpeed()等。也许你会举几个你在日常工作中遇到的真实例子来解释。

你的回答是对的,但是面试官需要你从软件工程的角度来区分,而不是根据Java的细节。

简单的单词:

An Interface is like the interface of a shop anything that is shown on it should be there in the shop, so any method in the Interface must be there implemented in the concrete class. Now what if some classes share some exact methods and varies in others. Suppose the Interface is about a shop that contains two things and suppose we have two shops both contain sport equipment but one has clothes extra and the other has shoes extra. So what you do is making an abstract class for Sport that implements the Sports method and leave the other method unimplemented. Abstract class here means that this shop doesn't exist itself but it is the base for other classes/shops. This way you are organising the code, avoiding errors of replicating the code, unifying the code, and ensuring re-usability by some other class.

接口由单例变量(公共静态final)和公共抽象方法组成。当我们知道要做什么但不知道如何做时,我们通常更喜欢实时使用接口。

这个概念可以通过以下例子更好地理解:

考虑一个支付类。支付方式有很多种,比如PayPal,信用卡等。因此,我们通常将Payment作为接口,其中包含makePayment()方法,CreditCard和PayPal是两个实现类。

public interface Payment
{
    void makePayment();//by default it is a abstract method
}
public class PayPal implements Payment
{
    public void makePayment()
    {
        //some logic for PayPal payment
        //e.g. Paypal uses username and password for payment
    }
}
public class CreditCard implements Payment
{
    public void makePayment()
    {
        //some logic for CreditCard payment
        //e.g. CreditCard uses card number, date of expiry etc...
    }
}

在上面的例子中,CreditCard和PayPal是两个实现类/策略。接口还允许我们在Java中实现多重继承的概念,这是抽象类无法实现的。

当我们知道某些特性该做什么,而其他特性又知道如何执行时,我们就会选择一个抽象类。

考虑下面的例子:

public abstract class Burger
{
    public void packing()
    {
        //some logic for packing a burger
    }
    public abstract void price(); //price is different for different categories of burgers
}
public class VegBerger extends Burger
{
    public void price()
    {
        //set price for a veg burger.
    }
}
public class NonVegBerger extends Burger
{
    public void price()
    {
        //set price for a non-veg burger.
    }
}

如果我们将来在给定的抽象类中添加方法(具体的/抽象的),那么实现类将不需要更改其代码。但是,如果将来在接口中添加方法,则必须将实现添加到实现该接口的所有类中,否则会发生编译时错误。

还有其他不同之处,但这些都是面试官所期望的。希望这对你们有帮助。