我对大多数OOP理论都有很好的理解,但最让我困惑的是虚拟析构函数。
我以为析构函数总是被调用,不管是什么,也不管是链中的每个对象。
你打算什么时候让它们虚拟化?为什么?
我对大多数OOP理论都有很好的理解,但最让我困惑的是虚拟析构函数。
我以为析构函数总是被调用,不管是什么,也不管是链中的每个对象。
你打算什么时候让它们虚拟化?为什么?
当前回答
通过指向基类的指针调用析构函数
struct Base {
virtual void f() {}
virtual ~Base() {}
};
struct Derived : Base {
void f() override {}
~Derived() override {}
};
Base* base = new Derived;
base->f(); // calls Derived::f
base->~Base(); // calls Derived::~Derived
虚拟析构函数调用与任何其他虚拟函数调用都没有区别。
对于base->f(),调用将被分派到Derived::f()中,对于base->~base()也是如此-它的重写函数-将调用Derived::~Derived()。
间接调用析构函数时也会发生同样的情况,例如delete base;。delete语句将调用base->~base(),该函数将被分派到Derived::~Derived()。
具有非虚拟析构函数的抽象类
若您不打算通过指向其基类的指针删除对象,那个么就不需要使用虚拟析构函数。只需保护它,使其不会被意外调用:
// library.hpp
struct Base {
virtual void f() = 0;
protected:
~Base() = default;
};
void CallsF(Base& base);
// CallsF is not going to own "base" (i.e. call "delete &base;").
// It will only call Base::f() so it doesn't need to access Base::~Base.
//-------------------
// application.cpp
struct Derived : Base {
void f() override { ... }
};
int main() {
Derived derived;
CallsF(derived);
// No need for virtual destructor here as well.
}
其他回答
虚拟基类析构函数是“最佳实践”——您应该始终使用它们来避免(难以检测)内存泄漏。使用它们,可以确保类的继承链中的所有析构函数都被调用(按正确的顺序)。使用虚拟析构函数从基类继承也会使继承类的析构函数自动虚拟化(因此不必在继承类析构函数声明中重新键入“virtual”)。
通过指向基类的指针调用析构函数
struct Base {
virtual void f() {}
virtual ~Base() {}
};
struct Derived : Base {
void f() override {}
~Derived() override {}
};
Base* base = new Derived;
base->f(); // calls Derived::f
base->~Base(); // calls Derived::~Derived
虚拟析构函数调用与任何其他虚拟函数调用都没有区别。
对于base->f(),调用将被分派到Derived::f()中,对于base->~base()也是如此-它的重写函数-将调用Derived::~Derived()。
间接调用析构函数时也会发生同样的情况,例如delete base;。delete语句将调用base->~base(),该函数将被分派到Derived::~Derived()。
具有非虚拟析构函数的抽象类
若您不打算通过指向其基类的指针删除对象,那个么就不需要使用虚拟析构函数。只需保护它,使其不会被意外调用:
// library.hpp
struct Base {
virtual void f() = 0;
protected:
~Base() = default;
};
void CallsF(Base& base);
// CallsF is not going to own "base" (i.e. call "delete &base;").
// It will only call Base::f() so it doesn't need to access Base::~Base.
//-------------------
// application.cpp
struct Derived : Base {
void f() override { ... }
};
int main() {
Derived derived;
CallsF(derived);
// No need for virtual destructor here as well.
}
虚拟构造函数是不可能的,但虚拟析构函数是可能的。让我们做个实验。。。。。。。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base(){
cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
}
~Base(){
cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
}
};
class Derived1: public Base
{
public:
Derived1(){
cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
}
~Derived1(){
cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
}
};
int main()
{
Base *b = new Derived1();
delete b;
}
上述代码输出以下内容:
Base Constructor Called
Derived constructor called
Base Destructor called
派生对象的构造遵循构造规则,但当我们删除“b”指针(基指针)时,我们发现只有基析构函数被调用。但这绝不能发生。为了做适当的事情,我们必须使基析构函数虚拟化。现在让我们看看以下情况:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base(){
cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
}
virtual ~Base(){
cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
}
};
class Derived1: public Base
{
public:
Derived1(){
cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
}
~Derived1(){
cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
}
};
int main()
{
Base *b = new Derived1();
delete b;
}
输出变化如下:
Base Constructor Called
Derived Constructor called
Derived destructor called
Base destructor called
因此,基指针的销毁(对派生对象进行分配!)遵循销毁规则,即首先是派生指针,然后是基指针。另一方面,没有什么像虚拟构造函数。
我喜欢思考接口和接口的实现。在C++中,speak接口是纯虚拟类。析构函数是接口的一部分,需要实现。因此析构函数应该是纯虚拟的。构造函数呢?构造函数实际上不是接口的一部分,因为对象总是显式实例化的。
简单地说,当您删除指向派生类对象的基类指针时,虚拟析构函数将以正确的顺序析构函数资源。
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class B{
public:
B(){
cout<<"B()\n";
}
virtual ~B(){
cout<<"~B()\n";
}
};
class D: public B{
public:
D(){
cout<<"D()\n";
}
~D(){
cout<<"~D()\n";
}
};
int main(){
B *b = new D();
delete b;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
B()
D()
~D()
~B()
==============
If you don't give ~B() as virtual. then output would be
B()
D()
~B()
where destruction of ~D() is not done which leads to leak