在多态基类中声明虚拟的析构函数。这是Scott Meyers的有效C++中的第7项。Meyers接着总结道，如果一个类有任何虚拟函数，那么它应该有一个虚拟析构函数，而不是设计为基类或不是设计为多态使用的类不应该声明虚拟析构器。

还要注意，在没有虚拟析构函数时删除基类指针将导致未定义的行为。我最近学到的东西：

C++中重写删除应该如何操作？

我已经使用C++多年了，但我还是设法自杀了。

简单地说，当您删除指向派生类对象的基类指针时，虚拟析构函数将以正确的顺序析构函数资源。

 #include<iostream>
 using namespace std;
 class B{
    public:
       B(){
          cout<<"B()\n";
       }
       virtual ~B(){ 
          cout<<"~B()\n";
       }
 };
 class D: public B{
    public:
       D(){
          cout<<"D()\n";
       }
       ~D(){
          cout<<"~D()\n";
       }
 };
 int main(){
    B *b = new D();
    delete b;
    return 0;
 }

OUTPUT:
B()
D()
~D()
~B()

==============
If you don't give ~B()  as virtual. then output would be 
B()
D()
~B()
where destruction of ~D() is not done which leads to leak

如果使用shared_ptr（仅shared_ptl，而不是unique_ptr），则不必将基类析构函数设为虚拟：

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:
    Base(){
        cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
    }
    ~Base(){ // not virtual
        cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
    }
};

class Derived: public Base
{
public:
    Derived(){
        cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
    }
    ~Derived(){
        cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
    }
};

int main()
{
    shared_ptr<Base> b(new Derived());
}

输出：

Base Constructor Called
Derived constructor called
Derived destructor called
Base Destructor called

什么是虚拟析构函数或如何使用虚拟析构器

类析构函数是一个与~前面的类同名的函数，它将重新分配该类分配的内存。为什么我们需要虚拟析构函数

请参见以下示例中的一些虚拟函数

该示例还说明了如何将字母转换为大写或小写

#include "stdafx.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// program to convert the lower to upper orlower
class convertch
{
public:
  //void convertch(){};
  virtual char* convertChar() = 0;
  ~convertch(){};
};

class MakeLower :public convertch
{
public:
  MakeLower(char *passLetter)
  {
    tolower = true;
    Letter = new char[30];
    strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
  }

  virtual ~MakeLower()
  {
    cout<< "called ~MakeLower()"<<"\n";
    delete[] Letter;
  }

  char* convertChar()
  {
    size_t len = strlen(Letter);
    for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
      Letter[i] = Letter[i] + 32;
    return Letter;
  }

private:
  char *Letter;
  bool tolower;
};

class MakeUpper : public convertch
{
public:
  MakeUpper(char *passLetter)
  {
    Letter = new char[30];
    toupper = true;
    strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
  }

  char* convertChar()
  {   
    size_t len = strlen(Letter);
    for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
      Letter[i] = Letter[i] - 32;
    return Letter;
  }

  virtual ~MakeUpper()
  {
    cout<< "called ~MakeUpper()"<<"\n";
    delete Letter;
  }

private:
  char *Letter;
  bool toupper;
};


int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
  convertch *makeupper = new MakeUpper("hai"); 
  cout<< "Eneterd : hai = " <<makeupper->convertChar()<<" ";     
  delete makeupper;
  convertch *makelower = new MakeLower("HAI");;
  cout<<"Eneterd : HAI = " <<makelower->convertChar()<<" "; 
  delete makelower;
  return 0;
}

从上面的示例中可以看到，没有调用MakeUpper和MakeLower类的析构函数。

查看下一个带有虚拟析构函数的示例

#include "stdafx.h"
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
// program to convert the lower to upper orlower
class convertch
{
public:
//void convertch(){};
virtual char* convertChar() = 0;
virtual ~convertch(){}; // defined the virtual destructor

};
class MakeLower :public convertch
{
public:
MakeLower(char *passLetter)
{
tolower = true;
Letter = new char[30];
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
virtual ~MakeLower()
{
cout<< "called ~MakeLower()"<<"\n";
      delete[] Letter;
}
char* convertChar()
{
size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
{
Letter[i] = Letter[i] + 32;

}

return Letter;
}

private:
char *Letter;
bool tolower;

};
class MakeUpper : public convertch
{
public:
MakeUpper(char *passLetter)
{
Letter = new char[30];
toupper = true;
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
char* convertChar()
{

size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
{
Letter[i] = Letter[i] - 32;
}
return Letter;
}
virtual ~MakeUpper()
{
      cout<< "called ~MakeUpper()"<<"\n";
delete Letter;
}
private:
char *Letter;
bool toupper;
};


int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{

convertch *makeupper = new MakeUpper("hai");

cout<< "Eneterd : hai = " <<makeupper->convertChar()<<" \n";

delete makeupper;
convertch *makelower = new MakeLower("HAI");;
cout<<"Eneterd : HAI = " <<makelower->convertChar()<<"\n ";


delete makelower;
return 0;
}

虚拟析构函数将显式调用类的最派生的运行时析构函数，以便能够以正确的方式清除对象。

或访问链接

https://web.archive.org/web/20130822173509/http://www.programminggallery.com/article_details.php?article_id=138

通过指向基类的指针调用析构函数

struct Base {
  virtual void f() {}
  virtual ~Base() {}
};

struct Derived : Base {
  void f() override {}
  ~Derived() override {}
};

Base* base = new Derived;
base->f(); // calls Derived::f
base->~Base(); // calls Derived::~Derived

虚拟析构函数调用与任何其他虚拟函数调用都没有区别。

对于base->f（），调用将被分派到Derived:：f（）中，对于base->~base（）也是如此-它的重写函数-将调用Derived:：~Derived（）。

间接调用析构函数时也会发生同样的情况，例如delete base；。delete语句将调用base->~base（），该函数将被分派到Derived:：~Derived（）。

具有非虚拟析构函数的抽象类

若您不打算通过指向其基类的指针删除对象，那个么就不需要使用虚拟析构函数。只需保护它，使其不会被意外调用：

// library.hpp

struct Base {
  virtual void f() = 0;

protected:
  ~Base() = default;
};

void CallsF(Base& base);
// CallsF is not going to own "base" (i.e. call "delete &base;").
// It will only call Base::f() so it doesn't need to access Base::~Base.

//-------------------
// application.cpp

struct Derived : Base {
  void f() override { ... }
};

int main() {
  Derived derived;
  CallsF(derived);
  // No need for virtual destructor here as well.
}