什么是np完全问题?为什么它在计算机科学中如此重要?
当前回答
I have heard an explanation, that is:" NP-Completeness is probably one of the more enigmatic ideas in the study of algorithms. "NP" stands for "nondeterministic polynomial time," and is the name for what is called a complexity class to which problems can belong. The important thing about the NP complexity class is that problems within that class can be verified by a polynomial time algorithm. As an example, consider the problem of counting stuff. Suppose there are a bunch of apples on a table. The problem is "How many apples are there?" You are provided with a possible answer, 8. You can verify this answer in polynomial time by using the algorithm of, duh, counting the apples. Counting the apples happens in O(n) (that's Big-oh notation) time, because it takes one step to count each apple. For n apples, you need n steps. This problem is in the NP complexity class.
如果一个问题可以证明它既NP-Hard,又在多项式时间内可验证,那么它就被归类为NP-complete。在不深入讨论NP-Hard的情况下,只要说明某些问题的多项式时间解还没有找到就足够了。也就是说,它需要n!(n !)步来解它们。然而,如果给你一个np完全问题的解,你可以在多项式时间内验证它。
np完全问题的一个经典例子是旅行商问题。”
作者:ApoxyButt 来自:http://www.everything2.com/title/NP-complete
其他回答
I have heard an explanation, that is:" NP-Completeness is probably one of the more enigmatic ideas in the study of algorithms. "NP" stands for "nondeterministic polynomial time," and is the name for what is called a complexity class to which problems can belong. The important thing about the NP complexity class is that problems within that class can be verified by a polynomial time algorithm. As an example, consider the problem of counting stuff. Suppose there are a bunch of apples on a table. The problem is "How many apples are there?" You are provided with a possible answer, 8. You can verify this answer in polynomial time by using the algorithm of, duh, counting the apples. Counting the apples happens in O(n) (that's Big-oh notation) time, because it takes one step to count each apple. For n apples, you need n steps. This problem is in the NP complexity class.
如果一个问题可以证明它既NP-Hard,又在多项式时间内可验证,那么它就被归类为NP-complete。在不深入讨论NP-Hard的情况下,只要说明某些问题的多项式时间解还没有找到就足够了。也就是说,它需要n!(n !)步来解它们。然而,如果给你一个np完全问题的解,你可以在多项式时间内验证它。
np完全问题的一个经典例子是旅行商问题。”
作者:ApoxyButt 来自:http://www.everything2.com/title/NP-complete
这是一类问题,我们必须模拟每一种可能性,以确保我们有最优解。
对于一些np完全问题,有很多好的启发式方法,但它们充其量只是一个有根据的猜测。
老实说,维基百科可能是寻找答案的最佳场所。
如果NP = P,那么我们就可以比我们之前认为的更快地解决非常困难的问题。如果我们在P(多项式)时间内只解决了一个np -完全问题,那么它可以应用于np -完全范畴内的所有其他问题。
np完全问题是一组问题,其中每一个问题都是任意的 其他np问题可以在多项式时间内约简,其解 仍然可以在多项式时间内验证。也就是说,任何NP问题都可以 转化为np完全问题。 非正式地说,NP完全问题是一个NP问题,至少是“难” 和NP中的其他问题一样。
NP代表非确定性多项式时间。
这意味着使用非确定性图灵机(就像常规图灵机,但也包括非确定性“选择”函数)可以在多项式时间内解决问题。基本上,解必须在多边形时间内可测试。如果是这样的话,一个已知的NP问题可以用修改输入的给定问题来解决(一个NP问题可以简化为给定问题),那么这个问题就是NP完全的。
从np完全问题中得到的主要东西是,它不能以任何已知的方式在多项式时间内解决。NP-Hard/NP-Complete是一种表明某些类型的问题在现实时间内无法解决的方法。
编辑:正如其他人所注意到的,np完全问题通常有近似解。在这种情况下,近似解通常给出一个近似界,用特殊的符号告诉我们这个近似有多接近。