我需要将RFC 3339字符串(如“2008-09-03T20:56:55.450686Z”)解析为Python的datetime类型。
我在Python标准库中找到了strptime,但它不是很方便。
最好的方法是什么?
我需要将RFC 3339字符串(如“2008-09-03T20:56:55.450686Z”)解析为Python的datetime类型。
我在Python标准库中找到了strptime,但它不是很方便。
最好的方法是什么?
当前回答
最初我尝试了:
from operator import neg, pos
from time import strptime, mktime
from datetime import datetime, tzinfo, timedelta
class MyUTCOffsetTimezone(tzinfo):
@staticmethod
def with_offset(offset_no_signal, signal): # type: (str, str) -> MyUTCOffsetTimezone
return MyUTCOffsetTimezone((pos if signal == '+' else neg)(
(datetime.strptime(offset_no_signal, '%H:%M') - datetime(1900, 1, 1))
.total_seconds()))
def __init__(self, offset, name=None):
self.offset = timedelta(seconds=offset)
self.name = name or self.__class__.__name__
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return self.offset
def tzname(self, dt):
return self.name
def dst(self, dt):
return timedelta(0)
def to_datetime_tz(dt): # type: (str) -> datetime
fmt = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f'
if dt[-6] in frozenset(('+', '-')):
dt, sign, offset = strptime(dt[:-6], fmt), dt[-6], dt[-5:]
return datetime.fromtimestamp(mktime(dt),
tz=MyUTCOffsetTimezone.with_offset(offset, sign))
elif dt[-1] == 'Z':
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt + 'Z')
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt)
但这在负时区不起作用。然而,我在Python 3.7.3中工作得很好:
from datetime import datetime
def to_datetime_tz(dt): # type: (str) -> datetime
fmt = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f'
if dt[-6] in frozenset(('+', '-')):
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt + '%z')
elif dt[-1] == 'Z':
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt + 'Z')
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt)
一些测试注意到,输出只在微秒的精度上有所不同。我的机器精度达到6位数,但YMMV:
for dt_in, dt_out in (
('2019-03-11T08:00:00.000Z', '2019-03-11T08:00:00'),
('2019-03-11T08:00:00.000+11:00', '2019-03-11T08:00:00+11:00'),
('2019-03-11T08:00:00.000-11:00', '2019-03-11T08:00:00-11:00')
):
isoformat = to_datetime_tz(dt_in).isoformat()
assert isoformat == dt_out, '{} != {}'.format(isoformat, dt_out)
其他回答
我已经为ISO 8601标准编写了一个解析器,并将其放在GitHub上:https://github.com/boxed/iso8601.此实现支持规范中的所有内容,但持续时间、间隔、周期性间隔和Python datetime模块支持的日期范围之外的日期除外。
包括测试!:P
最初我尝试了:
from operator import neg, pos
from time import strptime, mktime
from datetime import datetime, tzinfo, timedelta
class MyUTCOffsetTimezone(tzinfo):
@staticmethod
def with_offset(offset_no_signal, signal): # type: (str, str) -> MyUTCOffsetTimezone
return MyUTCOffsetTimezone((pos if signal == '+' else neg)(
(datetime.strptime(offset_no_signal, '%H:%M') - datetime(1900, 1, 1))
.total_seconds()))
def __init__(self, offset, name=None):
self.offset = timedelta(seconds=offset)
self.name = name or self.__class__.__name__
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return self.offset
def tzname(self, dt):
return self.name
def dst(self, dt):
return timedelta(0)
def to_datetime_tz(dt): # type: (str) -> datetime
fmt = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f'
if dt[-6] in frozenset(('+', '-')):
dt, sign, offset = strptime(dt[:-6], fmt), dt[-6], dt[-5:]
return datetime.fromtimestamp(mktime(dt),
tz=MyUTCOffsetTimezone.with_offset(offset, sign))
elif dt[-1] == 'Z':
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt + 'Z')
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt)
但这在负时区不起作用。然而,我在Python 3.7.3中工作得很好:
from datetime import datetime
def to_datetime_tz(dt): # type: (str) -> datetime
fmt = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f'
if dt[-6] in frozenset(('+', '-')):
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt + '%z')
elif dt[-1] == 'Z':
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt + 'Z')
return datetime.strptime(dt, fmt)
一些测试注意到,输出只在微秒的精度上有所不同。我的机器精度达到6位数,但YMMV:
for dt_in, dt_out in (
('2019-03-11T08:00:00.000Z', '2019-03-11T08:00:00'),
('2019-03-11T08:00:00.000+11:00', '2019-03-11T08:00:00+11:00'),
('2019-03-11T08:00:00.000-11:00', '2019-03-11T08:00:00-11:00')
):
isoformat = to_datetime_tz(dt_in).isoformat()
assert isoformat == dt_out, '{} != {}'.format(isoformat, dt_out)
Python>=3.11
fromsoformat现在直接解析Z:
from datetime import datetime
s = "2008-09-03T20:56:35.450686Z"
datetime.fromisoformat(s)
datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 3, 20, 56, 35, 450686, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
Python 3.7到3.10
一个注释中的简单选项:将“Z”替换为“+00:00”-并使用fromsoformat:
from datetime import datetime
s = "2008-09-03T20:56:35.450686Z"
datetime.fromisoformat(s.replace('Z', '+00:00'))
# datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 3, 20, 56, 35, 450686, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
为什么更喜欢来自同一格式?
虽然strptime的%z可以将“z”字符解析为UTC,但fromsoformat的速度要快~x40(另请参阅:更快的strptime):
%timeit datetime.fromisoformat(s.replace('Z', '+00:00'))
388 ns ± 48.3 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000000 loops each)
%timeit dateutil.parser.isoparse(s)
11 µs ± 1.05 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
%timeit datetime.strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f%z')
15.8 µs ± 1.32 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
%timeit dateutil.parser.parse(s)
87.8 µs ± 8.54 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)
(Windows 10上的Python 3.9.12 x64)
自Python 3.7以来,datetime标准库有一个用于反转datetime.isoformat()的函数。
classmethod datetime.fromisoformat(date_string):以任何有效的ISO 8601格式返回与date_string对应的日期时间,但以下情况除外:时区偏移可能有小数秒。T分隔符可以由任何单个unicode字符替换。当前不支持顺序日期。不支持分数小时和分钟。示例:>>>从datetime导入datetime>>>日期时间。来自同一格式(“2011-11-04”)datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,0)>>>datetime.fromisoformat('20111104')datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,0)>>>日期时间。来自同一格式('2011-11-04T00:05:23')datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,5,23)>>>日期时间。来自同一格式('2011-11-04T00:05:23Z')datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,5,23,tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)>>>日期时间。来自同一格式('20111104T000523')datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,5,23)>>>datetime.fromisoformat('2011-W01-2T0:05:32.283')datetime.datetime(2011,1,4,0,5,23,283000)>>>日期时间。来自同一格式('2011-11-04 00:05:23.283')datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,5,23,283000)>>>日期时间。来自同一格式('2011-11-04 00:05:23.283+00:00')datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,5,23,283000,tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)>>>日期时间。来自同一格式('2011-11-04T00:05:23+04:00')datetime.datetime(2011,11,4,0,5,23,tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.time增量(秒=1440)))3.7版新增。3.11版本中更改:以前,此方法只支持date.isoformat()或datetime.isoformat()发出的格式。
如果您还没有升级到Python 3.11,请务必阅读文档中的警告!
感谢Mark Amery的出色回答,我设计了一个函数来解释所有可能的ISO日期时间格式:
class FixedOffset(tzinfo):
"""Fixed offset in minutes: `time = utc_time + utc_offset`."""
def __init__(self, offset):
self.__offset = timedelta(minutes=offset)
hours, minutes = divmod(offset, 60)
#NOTE: the last part is to remind about deprecated POSIX GMT+h timezones
# that have the opposite sign in the name;
# the corresponding numeric value is not used e.g., no minutes
self.__name = '<%+03d%02d>%+d' % (hours, minutes, -hours)
def utcoffset(self, dt=None):
return self.__offset
def tzname(self, dt=None):
return self.__name
def dst(self, dt=None):
return timedelta(0)
def __repr__(self):
return 'FixedOffset(%d)' % (self.utcoffset().total_seconds() / 60)
def __getinitargs__(self):
return (self.__offset.total_seconds()/60,)
def parse_isoformat_datetime(isodatetime):
try:
return datetime.strptime(isodatetime, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f')
except ValueError:
pass
try:
return datetime.strptime(isodatetime, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S')
except ValueError:
pass
pat = r'(.*?[+-]\d{2}):(\d{2})'
temp = re.sub(pat, r'\1\2', isodatetime)
naive_date_str = temp[:-5]
offset_str = temp[-5:]
naive_dt = datetime.strptime(naive_date_str, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f')
offset = int(offset_str[-4:-2])*60 + int(offset_str[-2:])
if offset_str[0] == "-":
offset = -offset
return naive_dt.replace(tzinfo=FixedOffset(offset))