在C/ c++中,全局变量像我的教授认为的那样糟糕吗?


当前回答

我通常对很少改变的值使用全局变量,如单例或动态加载库中函数的函数指针。在多线程应用程序中使用可变全局变量往往会导致难以跟踪错误,所以我尽量避免将其作为通用规则。

使用全局变量而不是传递参数通常更快,但如果您正在编写一个多线程应用程序(您现在经常这样做),它通常不会很好地工作(您可以使用线程静态,但性能收益是值得怀疑的)。

其他回答

如果您的代码有可能在最高法院审判期间被严格审查,那么您应该确保避免使用全局变量。

请看这篇文章: 漏洞百出的酒精测试仪代码反映了源代码审查的重要性

There were some problems with the style of the code that were identified by both studies. One of the stylistic issues that concerned the reviewers was the extensive use of unprotected global variables. This is considered poor form because it increases the risk that the program state will become inconsistent or that values will be inadvertently modified or overwritten. The researchers also expressed some concern about the fact that decimal precision is not maintained consistently throughout the code.

伙计,我敢打赌那些开发人员希望他们没有使用全局变量!

全局变量在小程序中很好,但如果在大程序中以同样的方式使用就很糟糕了。

这意味着你可以很容易地在学习中养成使用它们的习惯。这就是你的教授想要保护你的东西。

当你更有经验的时候,在他们没事的时候学习就更容易了。

是的,但是在停止使用全局变量的代码并开始编写使用全局变量的代码之前,您不会招致全局变量的成本。但成本依然存在。

换句话说,这是一种长期的间接成本,因此大多数人认为这并不坏。

在企业内的web应用程序中,可以用于在服务器上保存会话/窗口/线程/用户特定的数据,以优化和保存连接不稳定时的工作损失。如前所述,需要处理竞争条件。我们使用类的单个实例来获取这些信息,并且对其进行了仔细的管理。

The problem that global variables create for the programmer is that it expands the inter-component coupling surface between the various components that are using the global variables. What this means is that as the number of components using a global variable increases, the complexity of the interactions can also increase. This increased coupling usually makes defects easier to inject into the system when making changes and also makes defects harder to diagnose and correct. This increase coupling can also reduce the number of available options when making changes and it can increase the effort required for changes as often one must trace through the various modules that are also using the global variable in order to determine the consequences of changes.

封装的目的(基本上与使用全局变量相反)是减少耦合,以便更容易理解和更改源,更安全,更容易测试。当不使用全局变量时,使用单元测试要容易得多。

For example if you have a simple global integer variable that is being used as an enumerated indicator that various components use as a state machine and you then make a change by adding a new state for a new component, you must then trace through all the other components to ensure that the change will not affect them. An example of a possible problem would be if a switch statement to test the value of the enumeration global variable with case statements for each of the current values is being used in various places and it so happens that some of the switch statements do not have a default case to handle an unexpected value for the global all of a sudden you have undefined behavior so far as the application is concerned.

另一方面,可以使用共享数据区域来包含一组在整个应用程序中引用的全局参数。这种方法通常用于占用内存较少的嵌入式应用程序。

当在这类应用程序中使用全局变量时,通常将写入数据区域的职责分配给单个组件,所有其他组件都将该区域视为const并从中读取,而从不写入。采用这种方法会限制可能出现的问题。

一些全局变量的问题需要解决

当一个全局变量(比如struct)的源代码被修改时,使用它的所有内容都必须重新编译,以便使用该变量的所有内容都知道它的真实大小和内存模板。

如果有多个组件可以修改全局变量,则可能会遇到全局变量中数据不一致的问题。对于多线程应用程序,您可能需要添加某种类型的锁定或关键区域来提供一种方法,以便一次只有一个线程可以修改全局变量,并且当一个线程正在修改变量时,所有的更改都已完成,并在其他线程可以查询或修改变量之前提交。

调试使用全局变量的多线程应用程序可能会更加困难。您可能会遇到竞争条件,从而产生难以复制的缺陷。当多个组件通过一个全局变量进行通信时,特别是在多线程应用程序中,要知道哪个组件在何时以及如何更改变量是非常难以理解的。

Name clash can be a problem with using of global variables. A local variable that has the same name as a global variable can hide the global variable. You also run into the naming convention issue when using the C programming language. A work around is to divide the system up into sub-systems with the global variables for a particular sub-system all beginning with the same first three letters (see this on resolving name space collisions in objective C). C++ provides namespaces and with C you can work around this by creating a globally visible struct whose members are various data items and pointers to data and functions which are provided in a file as static hence with file visibility only so that they can only be referenced through the globally visible struct.

In some cases the original application intent is changed so that global variables that provided the state for a single thread is modified to allow several duplicate threads to run. An example would be a simple application designed for a single user using global variables for state and then a request comes down from management to add a REST interface to allow remote applications to act as virtual users. So now you run into having to duplicate the global variables and their state information so that the single user as well as each of the virtual users from remote applications have their own, unique set of global variables.

使用c++命名空间和C的结构体技术

对于c++编程语言,命名空间指令在减少名称冲突的可能性方面有很大的帮助。命名空间、类和各种访问关键字(私有、受保护和公共)提供了封装变量所需的大部分工具。然而,C编程语言并没有提供这个指令。这篇stackoverflow文章,C中的命名空间,提供了一些C语言的技术。

一种有用的技术是将单个内存常驻数据区域定义为具有全局可见性的结构体,该结构体中包含指向正在公开的各种全局变量和函数的指针。全局变量的实际定义是使用static关键字指定文件范围的。如果你使用const关键字来指示哪些是只读的,编译器可以帮助你强制执行只读访问。

使用struct技术还可以封装全局变量,使其成为一种恰巧是全局变量的包或组件。通过使用这种组件,可以更容易地管理影响全局和使用全局功能的更改。

然而,尽管命名空间或结构技术可以帮助管理名称冲突,但使用全局变量(尤其是在现代多线程应用程序中)所带来的组件间耦合的潜在问题仍然存在。